In Hinduism, Chandra (Sanskrit चन्द्र lit, Kannada ಚಂದ್ರ, Telugu చంద్రుడు, Tamil சந்திரன். "shining")[1] is a lunar god and a Graha. Chandra is also identified with the Vedic Lunar deitySoma (lit. "juice").[2] The Soma name refers particularly to the juice of sap in the plants and thus makes the Moon the lord of plants and vegetation.[1]
Chandra is described as young, beautiful, fair; two-armed and having in his hands a club and a lotus.[3] He rides his chariot across the sky every night, pulled by ten white horses or an antelope. He is connected with dew, and as such, is one of the gods of fertility. He is also called Rajanipati (lord of the night)[1] and Kshupakara (one who illuminates the night),[4] andIndu (lit. the bright drop).[1] As Soma, he presides over Somvar or Monday.
Chandra is the father of Budha, (planet Mercury) the mother being Tara. He is married to 27Nakshatras (constellations), who are known to be daughters of Daksha.
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[hide]In astrology[edit]
In Vedic astrology Chandra represents brain and mind, emotions, sensitivity, softness, imagination, queen and mother. Chandra rules over the sign Karka (Cancer), while he is exalted in Vrishabha (Taurus) and in his fall in Vrishchika (Scorpio). The waxing moon is considered to be benefic, and the waning moon is considered to be malefic. The bright moon is considered a benefic of the highest order, while the dark moon is considered a malefic. Chandra is lord of three nakshatras or lunar mansions: Rohini, Hasta and Shravana. Chandra has the following associations: the color white, the metal silver and the gemstones pearl and moonstone. His element is water, direction is north-west and season is winter. The food grain associated with him (one of Nava Dhanyas) is rice.
Chandra (pronounced "CHUHN-drah") is a Sanskrit name meaning "illustrious." In Hindu mythology, Chandra is the god of the moon. In Hindu astrology, the moon is considered a planet, and it's considered to be one of the best planets to be born under as it promises wealth and happiness. It is also referred as Shashi (Kannada: ಶಶಿ) or Tingala (Kannada: ತಿಂಗಳ).
According to Hindu mythology Chandra has not been very fortunate in life. Chandra was born in the Ocean of Milk (the gods were churning it for millennia in order to create immortal life), and nearly blinded the gods with his bright, glowing body (hence the name that means "illustrious"). The gods unanimously decided to give Chandra the status of a planet and sent him into the cosmos.
Chandra is known for having a series of disastrous love affairs. His first lover, Tara, was the wife of Brihaspati, the planet Jupiter. From their union, Tara became pregnant gives birth to Budha (a.k.a. the planet Mercury, not to be confused with the other Buddha). Because of how he was conceived, Budha hated his father and as Chandra also knew that Budha is his illegitimate son, he began to hate his son, and their rivalry continues to this day. For the sin of abducting another god's consort, Brahma banished Chandra to the outer atmosphere. This story illustrates allegorically the prohibition of intoxicants for Brahmins.[5] After that, Chandra, set out to marry the twenty-seven daughters of Daksha. Daksha allowed this on the condition that the moon not favor any daughter over the others. Chandra failed to do this, and Daksha placed a curse on him that took away his luster, which accounts for the moon's waxing and waning.
Dark spot on the moon[edit]
One popular story to account for the dark spot on the moon is that Ganesha, once filled with food, fell from his mouse and broke his stomach. Chandra laughed at this, at which Ganesha injured him by breaking off and throwing one of his tusks; and cursed him so that it would be forbidden to behold Chandra on Ganesh Chaturthi.
Other aspects[edit]
Chandra is also the word in Sanskrit, Hindi and other Indian languages for moon. It is the middle name of the Hindu god Rama. Chandra Shekara literally refers to the 'Person who wears the moon' which links to Lord Shiva in Hindu Mythology. It is directed as both evil and good, as it could mean 'Queen of the Moon' or 'Demon of the moon'. It is also a common Indian name, both male and female and exists as a name in many South East Asian languages that originate from Sanskrit.
The god, the drink and the plant probably referred to the same entity, or at least the differentiation was ambiguous. In this aspect, Soma is similar to the Greek ambrosia (cognate to amrita); it is what the gods drink, and what made them deities. Soma is still coined as name for anentheogenic brew (avestic: Haoma) still in ceremonial use.
Indu, one of the other names for Chandra, is also the name of the first chakra (group) of Melakarta ragas in Carnatic music. The names ofchakras are based on the numbers associated with each name. In this case, there is one moon and hence the first chakra is Indu.[6][7]
In India Chandra is a common surname for example 'Anurag Chandra ' and ' Tanuja Chandra' . But in America the name has been used as a girl's name. It appeared on the popularity charts in the 1950s, peaking in the 1970s, before disappearing in the 1990s. The name has several variations including Chandrah, Chaundra, etc.
There is another story about moon (Chandra), when Indra was trying to rape Ahilya, wife of rishi Gautama, Chandra was in the form of a peacock to alert Indra on Gautama's arrival . Gautama eventually beheld the act and cursed Indra with impotency and hit Chandra (in the form of peacock) with his wet cloth (Dhoti). Those marks are shown as dark spot on moon as a result of the curse of rishi Gautama. His Egyptian counterpart is Khonsu.
In popular culture[edit]
Chandra (and the gem supposedly on the forehead of a statue of his at Somanath) plays an important role in one of the first novel-length mystery stories in English, The Moonstone. The Sanskrit word for moon-craft Chandrayaan is used to refer to India's lunar orbiters (Chandrayan-1 & Chandrayaan-2).
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Surya (/ˈsʊərjə/; Sanskrit: सूर्य Sūrya, "the Supreme Light"[2]) also known as Aditya, Surya,Bhanu, Ravi or Phra Athit is the chief solar deity in Hinduism and generally refers to the Sun.[3]
Surya is the chief of the Navagraha, the nine Indian Classical planets and important elements of Hindu astrology. He is often depicted riding a chariot harnessed by seven horses[1] which might represent the seven colors of the rainbow or the seven chakras in the body. He is also the presiding deity of Sunday. Surya is regarded as the Supreme Deity by Saura sect andSmartas worship him as one of the five primary forms of God.
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Depictions[edit]
Arka form[edit]
"Arka" form is worshiped mostly in North India and Eastern parts of India. The temples dedicated to the 'Arka' form of Surya are Konark Temple in Orissa, Uttararka and Lolarka inUttar Pradesh, and Balarka in Rajasthan. There was an old sun temple in Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh named Balarka Surya Mandir, built by King Tilokchand Arkawanshi in early 10th century AD which was destroyed in the 14th century during the Turkish invasions. The Surya temple in Konark was built by Ganga Vamsi king Narasimha Dev. Sun Temple, Modhera in Gujarat was built in 1026 AD by King Bhimdev of Solanki dynasty.
Mitra form[edit]
Surya is also known as "Mitra" (meaning friend) for his life nourishing properties. The Mitra form of 'Surya' had been worshiped mostly in Gujarat, where a clan of Suryawanshi kings was known as Mitrawanshi kshatriyas, also known by its derivative name "Maitrakas".
Religious role and relations[edit]
See also: Ratha Saptami
Surya had three wives namely Saranyu, Ragyi and Prabha. Saranyu was the mother of Vaivasvata Manu (the seventh, i.e. present Manu) and the twins Yama (the Lord of Death) and his sister Yami. She also bore him the twins known as the Ashvins, divine horsemen and physicians to the Devas. Saranyu, being unable to bear the extreme radiance of Surya, created a superficial entity from her shadow called Chhaya and instructed her to act as Surya's wife in her absence. Chhaya mothered two sons Savarni Manu (the eighth, i.e. next Manu) and Shani (the planet Saturn), and two daughters, Tapti and Vishti.[4] He also has two more sons, Revanta with Ragyi, and Prabhata withPrabha. Surya is also the father of the famous tragic hero Karna, described in the Indian epic Mahabharata, by a human princess named Kunti.
Surya's two sons, Shani and Yama, are responsible for the judgment of human life. Shani provides the results of one's deeds during one's life through appropriate punishments and rewards while Yama grants the results of one's deeds after death.[5]
Like some other deities, such as Shiva, who are worshiped by saints, normal worshipers and demons, Surya too has a following of the same types of beings. Group of Raksasas known as Yatudhanas were the followers of Surya and wandered with him.[6] It is also mentioned that Bhauvana the Daitya offered a prayer to Surya with the Rathantara saman and was immediately turned into an elephant.[6] His Greek counterpart is Helios and his Egyptian counterpart is Ra. There is said to be a community among Aryans called Okkot who worship Surya. n the Mahabharata, Princess Kunti receives instruction for a mantra from the sage Durvasa; by reciting which, she would be able to summon any god and bear a child by him. Incredulous of the power of this mantra, Kunti unwittingly tests it on Surya, but when Surya appears, she gets scared and requests him to go back. However, Surya has an obligation to fulfil the mantra before returning. Surya miraculously causes Kunti to bear the child immediately whilst retaining her virginity so that she, as an unmarried princess, need not face any embarrassment or be subjected to questions from society. Kunti feels compelled to abandon the child, Karna, who grows up to become one of the central characters in the great battle of Kurukshetra.
Representation in scriptures[edit]
In the Ramayana, Surya is described as father of the King Sugriva, who helped Rama and Lakshmana in defeating the demon king Ravana. He also trains Hanuman. The Suryavanshi dynasty of kings, Rama being one of them, also claims descent from Surya.
In the Mahabharata, Princess Kunti receives instruction for a mantra from the sage Durvasa; by reciting which, she would be able to summon any god and bear a child by him. Incredulous of the power of this mantra, Kunti unwittingly tests it on Surya, but when Surya appears, she gets scared and requests him to go back. However, Surya has an obligation to fulfill the mantra before returning. Surya miraculously causes Kunti to bear the child immediately whilst retaining her virginity so that she, as an unmarried princess, need not face any embarrassment or be subjected to questions from society. Kunti feels compelled to abandon the child, Karna, who grows up to become one of the central characters in the great battle of Kurukshetra.
In the Vedas, Surya is frequently referred to as "the eye of Mitra, Varuna, and Agni" (RV 1.115.1, RV 6.51.1, RV 7.63.1, WYV 4.35, WYV 7.42, WYV 13.46, AV 13.2.35). Lord Surya is also considered to be the eye of the Virat Purusha (Lord Sri Krishna's Universal Form).
In astrology[edit]
In Vedic astrology Surya is considered a mild malefic on account of his hot, dry nature. Surya represents soul, will-power, fame, the eyes, general vitality, courage, kingship, father, highly placed persons and authority. He is exalted in the sign Mesha, is in mulatrikona in the sign Simha and is in debilitation in the sign Tula. Surya is lord of three nakshatras or lunar mansions: Krittika, Uttara Phalguni and Uttara Ashadha. Surya has the following associations: the colors – copper or red, the metals – gold or brass, the gemstone – ruby, the direction – east and the season of summer. The food grain associated with him is wheat.
Sun Temples[edit]
See also: Konark Sun Temple, Buguda Biranchinarayan Temple, Martand Sun Temple, Multan Sun Temple and Sun Temple, Modhera
There are Surya temples all across India. The most famous is the World Heritage Site of the Sun Temple, Konark, Orissa. Besides Konark, there are two other sun temples in Orissa called Biranchi Narayan Sun Temple[7] in Buguda, Ganjam District and Biranchinarayan Temple, Palia, Bhadrak.
There are sun temples in Modhera, Gujarat, created by King Bhimdev of the Solanki dynasty, inArasavalli, Andhra Pradesh, Kanakaditya Temple in Kasheli (Dist. Sindhudurg) – Maharashtra, near the famous Galtaji's temple in Jaipur, Rajasthan and in clusters of Navagraha temples in Tamil Naduand Assam. The Sun Temple at Martand in Jammu and Kashmir and Sun Temple of Multan are temples which were destroyed. The only and the famous Surya temple in northern India is Kattarmal surya mandir in Almora District, Uttarakhand created by King Kattarmal in the 12th century.
The Gurjars were essentially sun worshipers and some of the sun temples were erected by them during the medieval period.[8] The sun temple known as Jayaditya was constructed by Gurjar king of Nandipuri, Jayabhatta II. This temple is situated at Kotipura near Kapika in the Bharukachha district.[9] The Surya temple of Bhinmal known as Jagaswami Surya temple was also erected during this period.[10]
Festivals[edit]
There are Various Festivals dedicated to Sun God Surya in India.
Pongal or Makara Sankaranti is the most widely celebrated Hindu festival dedicated to the Sun God. It is celebrated as Makara Sankranti in many parts of India and as Pongal by Tamils all over the world. People thank the Sun God for ensuring a good harvest and dedicate the first grain to him.
Chhath is another Hindu Festival dedicated to Surya. It is believed to started by Karna, the son of Surya, who became a great warrior and fought against the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra War. Chhath is unique to Bihar, Jharkhand and the some Parts of Uttar Pradesh and Nepal.
Samba Dashami is another festival celebrated in the eastern coastal state of Orissa in the honour of Samba, the son of Krishna who got cured from leprosy by praying to Surya.
Ratha Saptami is a Hindu festival that falls on the Seventh day (Saptami) of the bright half of the Hindu month Maagha.[11] This day is also known as Surya Jayanti because it celebrates the power of the Sun God.
Surya Namaskar[edit]
A well-known Hindu mode of worship of the devotional movements of Surya is done at the rising of the Sun, known as Sūrya namaskāra (sun salutation). Ten yogic postures are assumed in successive flowing movements to complete one namaskar. Twelve sacred Hindu mantras uttered and for each mantra one complete namaskar is done. Ancient practice is to do 108 namaskaras a day. It is considered most auspicious by Hindus to do this.
The 12 mantras for surya namaskara:
- ॐ मित्राय नमः Om mitrāya namah
- ॐ रवये नमः Om ravayé namah
- ॐ सूर्याय नमः Om sūryāya namah
- ॐ भानवे नमः Om bhānavé namah
- ॐ खगाय नमः Om khagāya namah
- ॐ पूष्णे नमः Om pūṣṇé namah
- ॐ हिरण्यगर्भाय नमः Om hiraṇyagarbhāya namah
- ॐ मरीचये नमः Om marīchayé namah
- ॐ आदित्याय नमः Om ādityāya namah
- ॐ सवित्रे नमः Om savitré namah
- ॐ अर्काय नमः Om arkāya namah
- ॐ भास्कराय नमः Om bhāskarāya namah
The Gayatri Mantra is associated with Surya.[15] Another hymn associated with Surya is the Aditya Hridayam, recited by the great sageAgastya to Rama on the warfield before the fight with Ravana.
In Hindu mythology, Budha (Sanskrit: बुध) is the name for the planet Mercury, a son ofChandra (the moon) with Tara or Rohini. He is also the god of merchandise and protector of merchants.
He is represented as being mild, eloquent, and having a greenish complexion. He is represented holding a scimitar, a club and a shield, riding a winged lion in Ramghur temple. In other illustrations, he holds a sceptre and lotus and rides a carpet or an eagle or a chariot drawn by lions.[1]
Budha presides over 'Budhavara' or Wednesday. In modern Hindi, Oriya, Telugu, Bengali,Marathi, Urdu, Kannada and Gujarati, Wednesday is called Budhavara; Tamil: Budhan kizhamai; Malayalam: Budhanazhcha; Thai: Wan Phut (วันพุธ).
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Birth of Budha[edit]
Chandra was a student with Brihaspati, the Teacher of devas. Tara was the wife of Brihaspati. Tara fell in love with the beauty of Chandra(chandr). Brihaspati became angry and eventually a war started between Chandra and Brihaspati. Shukracharya, the teacher of the Asuras, joined Chandra in the battle, while The devas joined Brihaspati. As the battle was due to desire (kama) for Tara, it was known as Tarakaamayam. Lord Brahma, the creator of the universe, feared the war might abolish the world. Hence, he came down and stopped the war. He convinced Tara, took her away from Chandra, and gave her back to Brihaspati. Budha, a beautiful child, was born to Tara.Chandra claimed to be the father of Budha, but Tara kept silent. Budha himself got angry over this tussle and asked his mother to tell the truth. Tara said that Chandra was the father of Budha.[2]
Growth of Budha[edit]
Chandra gives the child Budha to Rohini and Krittika, two of his wives, to raise. Budha grows up under supervision of Rohini and Krittika. As he grows up, he feels angry and ashamed about his birth. He wants to rectify the sin of his birth and hence goes to Saravanavana in theHimalayas to do Tapas. Vishnu, pleased with the tapas, shows up to Budha. By Vishnu's blessings Budha learns all the Vedas and arts. However according to another version, Budha was raised by Brihaspati and is thus called his son.
Temples of Budha[edit]
Thiruvenkadu in Tamil Nadu which houses the Navagraha temple has a shrine for Budha in the northern end of the Brahmavidyambhika Temple.
In astrology[edit]
In Vedic astrology Budha is considered a benefic, unless he is joined with a malefic planet, in which case he becomes malefic also. Mercury rules over Mithuna (Gemini) and Kanya (Virgo), is exalted in Kanya and in his fall in Meena (Pisces). Budha is friendly with Saturn and Venus, hostile to the Moon, Mars and Jupiter, and neutral towards the other planets. Budha represents intelligence, intellect, communication, analysis, the senses (especially the skin), science, mathematics, business, education and research. The written word and journeys of all types fall within his domain. Budha is lord of three nakshatras or lunar mansions: Ashlesha, Jyeshtha, and Revati (nakshatra). Budha has the following associations: the color green, the metal brass and gemstone emerald. The direction associated with Budha is north, the season is autumn and the element is earth.
Shukra (शुक्र, ശുക്രൻ, ಶುಕ್ರ, சுக்ரன், IAST Śukra), the Sanskrit for "clear, pure" or "brightness, clearness", is the name of the son of Bhrigu, and preceptor of the Daityas, and the guru of theAsuras, identified with the planet Venus, one of the Navagrahas (with honorific, शुक्राचार्यShukracharya). He presides over Shukravar (Devanagari: शुक्रवार) or Friday.
He is of white complexion, middle-aged and of agreeable countenance. He is described variously as mounted on a camel, horse or crocodile. He holds a stick, beads and a lotus and sometimes a bow and arrow.[2]
Ushanas is the name of a Vedic rishi with the patronymic Kāvya (descendant of Kavi, AVŚ4.29.6), who was later identified as Ushanas Shukra.
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Name[edit]
Shukra is etymologically identical with Shukla "light". As a noun, it is also the name of aMarutavaata, of a son of Vasishtha, of the third Manu, of one of the saptarshi under Manu Bhautya, of a son of Bhava, of a son of Havirdhana.
Ushanas is also the name of the author of a Dharmashastra.
Guru Shukracharya[edit]
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He was a Bhargava rishi of the Atharvan branch and a descendant of sage Kavi. The Devi-Bhagavata Purana refers to his mother as Kavyamata (Usana). The feminic natured Shukra is aBrahminical planet. He was born on Friday in the year Parthiva on Sraavana Suddha Ashtami whenSvati Nakshatra is on the ascent. Hence, Friday is known as Shukravaaram in Indian languages likeSanskrit, Telugu, Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Oriya, Bengali, Assamese, and Kannada. He went on to study the Vedas under the rishi Angirasa but he was disturbed by Angirasa's favouritism for his sonBrihaspati. He then went to study under rishi Gautama. He later performed penance to Lord Shivaand obtained the Sanjivani mantra (a formula that revived the dead). He married Priyavrata's daughter Urjaswathi and they had four sons — Chanda, Amarka, Tvastr, Dharaatra and a daughter from his marriage to Indra's daughter Jayanti by the name Devayani.
During this period Brihaspati became the Guru (Preceptor) of the Devas. Due to the hatred Sukracarya bore towards Vishnu for what he perceived as the murder of his mother as she had given shelter to some asura whom Vishnu was hunting, Shukracharya decided to become the Guru of Asuras. He helped them achieve victory over the Devas and used his knowledge to revive the dead and wounded among them.
In one story, Lord Vishnu is born as the Brahmin dwarf-sage Vamana. Vamana comes to take the three worlds as alms from the asura king Bali. Lord Vishnu wanted to deceive the king Bali who was the grandson of the great king Prahlada, in order to help the Devas. The sage Shukracharya identifies him immediately and warns the King. The King is however a man of his word and offers the gift to Vamana. Shukracharya, annoyed with the pride of the king, shrinks himself with his powers and sits in the spout of the Kamandalu, from which water has to be poured to seal the promise to the deity in disguise.
In the time of the Mahabharata, Shukracharya is mentioned as one of the mentors of Bhishma, having taught him political science in his youth.[3] guru shukracharya is a demon teacher but very good in nature
In astrology[edit]
In Vedic astrology Shukra (Venus) is considered a benefic and rules over the signs Vrishabha (Taurus) and Tula (Libra). It is exalted in Meena (Pisces), and in its fall in Kanya (Virgo). The planets Mercury and Saturn are considered friendly to Shukra, the Sun and Moon are hostile and Jupiter and the rest are considered neutral. In astrology Shukra represents love, romance and sexuality, artistic talents, the quality of the body and material life, wealth, the opposite sex, pleasure and reproduction, feminine qualities and the fine arts, such as music, dance, painting and sculpture. Those with Shukra strong in their charts are likely to appreciate nature and enjoy harmonious relationship. However, an excessive influence can cause them to indulge too much in the pleasures of life without accomplishing much of real worth. Shukra is the lord of three nakshatras or lunar mansions: Bharani, Purva Phalguni and Purva Ashadha.
Strong Houses: 2, 3, 7, 12
Weak Houses: 6, 8
Medium House: 1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11
Weak Houses: 6, 8
Medium House: 1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11
Shukra and its significance[edit]
Venus is an indicator of spouse, love, marriage, comfort, luxury, beauty, prosperity, happiness, all conveyances, art, dance music, acting, passion and sex. Shukra blesses the people with power to control their sense organs (Indriyas) and enables to obtain name and fame. Afflictions to Venus can cause eye diseases, venereal complaints, indigestion, pimples, impotency, loss of appetite and rashes on the skin.
In Vedic astrology, there is a dasha or planetary period known as Shukra Dasha which remains active in a person's horoscope for 20 years, this is the longest dasha among all planets. This dasha is believed to give more wealth, fortune and luxury to a person's life if they have Shukra positioned well in their horoscope. In addition Shukra is an important benefic planet in the horoscope. Shukra is associated with a month in the Hindu calendar called JyeshTha ( May–June, personified as the guardian of Kubera's treasure).
Shukra also has the following associations. His color is white, metal is silver and gemstone is diamond. His direction is south-east, season is spring and element is water.
Above the moon by a distance of 200,000 yojanas are some stars, and above these stars is Śukra-graha (Venus), whose influence is always auspicious for the inhabitants of the entire universe. Some 1,600,000 miles above group of stars is the planet Venus, which moves at almost exactly the same pace as the sun according to swift, slow and moderate movements. Sometimes Venus moves behind the sun, sometimes in front of the sun and sometimes along with it. Venus nullifies the influence of planets that are obstacles to rainfall. Consequently its presence causes rainfall, and it is therefore considered very favorable for all living beings within this universe. This has been accepted by learned scholars. On the upper chin of the śiśumāra is Agasti; on its lower chin, Yamarāja; on its mouth, Mars; on its genitals, Saturn; on the back of its neck, Jupiter; on its chest, the sun; and within the core of its heart, Nārāyaṇa. Within its mind is the moon; on its navel, Venus; and on its breasts, the Aśvinī-kumāras. Within its life air, which is known as prāṇāpāna, is Mercury, on its neck is Rāhu, all over its body are comets, and in its pores are the numerous stars.
See also[edit]
In Jyotish astrology, Mangala (Devanagari: मंगल, Maṅgala) is the name for Mars, the red planet. Mars is also called Angaraka ('one who is red in colour' also called Rakta varna whose color is like blood [1] or Bhauma ('son of Bhumi') in Sanskrit. He is the god of war and iscelibate. He is considered the son of Prithvi or Bhumi, the Earth Goddess. He is the owner of the Aries and Scorpio signs, and a teacher of the occult sciences (Ruchaka Mahapurusha Yoga).
He is painted red or flame colour, four-armed, carrying a trident (Sanskrit: trishūla), mace(Sanskrit: gadā), lotus (Sanskrit: Padma) and a spear (Sanskrit: shūla). His mount (Sanskrit:vahana) is a ram. He presides over 'Mangala-varam' (Tuesday).[2]
In Jyotish astrology, Mangala (Devanagari: मंगल, Maṅgala) is the name for Mars, the red planet. Mars is also called Angaraka ('one who is red in colour' also called Rakta varna whose color is like blood [1] or Bhauma ('son of Bhumi') in Sanskrit. He is the god of war and iscelibate. He is considered the son of Prithvi or Bhumi, the Earth Goddess. He is the owner of the Aries and Scorpio signs, and a teacher of the occult sciences (Ruchaka Mahapurusha Yoga).
He is painted red or flame colour, four-armed, carrying a trident (Sanskrit: trishūla), mace(Sanskrit: gadā), lotus (Sanskrit: Padma) and a spear (Sanskrit: shūla). His mount (Sanskrit:vahana) is a ram. He presides over 'Mangala-varam' (Tuesday).[2]
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Birth[edit]
Once when Lord Shiva was engrossed in deep meditation (Sansrit: samādhi) upon his abode,Mount Kailash, three drops of perspiration originated from his forehead and fell down on the earth. From those drops manifested a very beautiful infant, who was of reddish complexion and who had four arms.
The child was handed over to the earth goddess, Bhumi for upbringing by Lord Shiva. The child was named Bhauma as he was nurtured and brought up by 'Bhumi' (earth).
When Bhauma grew up, he went to Kashi and did a tremendous penance to please lord Shiva. Lord Shiva blessed him by granting him 'Mangala loka' (the Abode of Mangala), which was superior even to the 'Shukra loka' (the Abode of the god of Venus - Shukra). The same Bhauma is established in the solar system by the name of Mangala (planet Mars).[3]
In astrology[edit]
In Vedic astrology Mangala is considered a malefic of the first order. He rules over the signs Mesha (Aries) and Vrishchika (Scorpio), is exalted in Makara (Capricorn) and has his fall in Karka (Cancer). The Sun, Moon and Jupiter are all considered friendly to him, while he is hostile to Mercury. Venus and Saturn are neutral. Mangala represents drive and physical energy, self-confidence and ego, strength, anger, impulsiveness, heroism and adventurous nature. Mangala rules over blood, muscles and bone marrow. He is associated with battle, war and soldiers.
Mangala is the lord of three nakshatras or lunar mansions: Mrigashīrsha, Chitra and Shravishtha orDhanista. Mangala has the following associations: the color red, the metal brass and gemstone red coral. His element is fire, direction is south, season is summer.
Bṛhaspati (Sanskrit: बृहस्पति, "lord of prayer or devotion",[1] often written as Brihaspati or Bruhaspati) also known as Deva-guru (guru of the gods), is a Hindu god and a Vedic deity. He is considered the personification of piety and religion, and the chief 'offerer of prayers and sacrifices to the gods' (Sanskrit: Purohita), with whom he intercedes on behalf of humankind.
He is the guru of the Devas (gods) and the nemesis of Shukracharya, the guru of the Danavas(demons). He is also known as Ganapati (leader of the group [of planets]), and Guru (teacher), the god of wisdom and eloquence, to whom various works are ascribed, such as theBarhaspatya sutras.
He is described as of yellow or golden color and holding the following divine attributes: a stick, a lotus and beads. He presides over 'Guru-var' or Thursday.[2]
In astrology, Bṛhaspati is the regent of Jupiter and is often identified with the planet.
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In Hinduism[edit]
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Bṛhaspati is the son of Rishi Angiras (according to the Rig Veda 4.40.1) and Surupa according to the Shiva Purana. He has two brothers namedUtathya and Samvartana, and has three wives. His first wife, shubha, gave birth to Bhanumati, Raaka, Archishmati, Mahamati, Mahishmati,Sinivali, and Havishmati, his seven daughters. His second wife, Tara, gave birth to seven sons and a daughter. Through Bṛahspati's third wife, Mamata, he had two sons, Kacha and Bharadwaja.
Bṛhaspati attained the position of preceptor of the Devas by performing penances on the banks of Prabhas Tirtha. Lord Shiva granted him this position, as well as his position as one of the Navagrahas (NinePlanets).
There is a wide debate whether Kacha was Bṛhaspati's offspring or his brother. But the Mahabharata states that Kacha was his brother. All Brahmins belonging to the Bharadwaja Gotra are believed to be his descendants.
In astrology[edit]
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In Jyotisha (Hindu astrology), Bṛhaspati is the name for the planet Jupiter, which is one of theNavagraha (the nine planets) . He is also known as Guru, Cura and Devaguru. Bṛhaspati is considered to be the most beneficial sign of any of the planets. Bṛhaspati rules over the signs Dhanu (Sagittarius) and Meena (Pisces), he is exalted in Karka (Cancer) and in his fall in Makara (Capricorn). The Sun, Moon and Mars are considered friendly to Bṛhaspati, Mercury is hostile and Saturn is neutral.
Bṛhaspati in Vedic astrology is considered to be of the element ether (space) or Akasha Tattva (i.e. Akasha = Space/Sky/Aether; Tattva = Essence/Category/Truth). This element indicates vastness, growth and expansion in a person's life. Bṛhaspati also represents the balance of past karma, religion, philosophy, knowledge and issues relating to offspring. He is concerned with education, teaching and the dispensation of knowledge. Humans with Jupiter dominating in their horoscope could grow fat as life progresses and their empire and prosperity increases; and diabetes is an ailment directly related to this sign. According to traditional Hindu astrology, worship or propitiation of Bṛhaspati or Guru (Jupiter) results in cure from ailments affecting the stomach and helps ward off sins.
Bṛhaspati is lord of three Nakshatras or lunar mansions: Punarvasu, Vishakha and Purva Bhadrapada. The following items are associated with Bṛhaspati: his color is yellow, his metal is gold, and his gemstones are yellow topaz and yellow sapphire. The season associated with him is winter, direction is north-east and his element is ether or space.
See also[edit]
Śhani (Sanskrit: शनि,Marathi: शनि, Kannada: ಶನಿ Śhani, Tamil: சனி, Caṉi, Telugu: శని) is one of the Navagraha (the nine primary celestial beings in Hindu astrology) of Jyotiṣa. Shani is embodied in the planet Saturn and is the Lord of Saturday. Shani is also known as Śanaiścara(शनैश्चर).
The word shani also denotes the seventh day or Saturday in most Indian languages. The wordshani (शनि) comes from Śanayē Kramati Saḥ (शनये क्रमति सः), the one who moves slowly, because Saturn takes about 30 years to revolve around the Sun.
Śhani (Sanskrit: शनि,Marathi: शनि, Kannada: ಶನಿ Śhani, Tamil: சனி, Caṉi, Telugu: శని) is one of the Navagraha (the nine primary celestial beings in Hindu astrology) of Jyotiṣa. Shani is embodied in the planet Saturn and is the Lord of Saturday. Shani is also known as Śanaiścara(शनैश्चर).
The word shani also denotes the seventh day or Saturday in most Indian languages. The wordshani (शनि) comes from Śanayē Kramati Saḥ (शनये क्रमति सः), the one who moves slowly, because Saturn takes about 30 years to revolve around the Sun.
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Legends[edit]
Shani is a deva and son of Surya and his wife Chhaya, hence also known as Chayyaputra. He is the elder brother of Yama, the Hindu god of death, who in some scriptures corresponds to the deliverance of justice. Surya's two sons Shani and Yama judge. Shani gives us the results of one's heeds through one's life through appropriate punishments and rewards; Yama grants the results of one's deeds after death.[1]
It is said that when Shani opened his eyes as a baby for the very first time, the sun went into an eclipse, which clearly denotes the impact of Shani on astrological charts. He is known as the greatest teacher and well wisher for the righteous as well the greatest punisher for those who follow the path of evil, betrayal, backstabbing and unjust revenge. Shani is also known as the lord of masses and his blessings are thus considered very important in an individual's horoscope for bestowing him with mass following and popularity. He is depicted dark in colour, clothed in black; holding a sword, arrows and two daggers and mounted on a crow, which is Shani's vāhana. As protector of property, Shani is able to repress the thieving tendencies of birds.
Shani Jayanti the birth anniversary of Lord Shani falls on the Amavasya (New moon day) of Jyeshtamonth of Hindu calendar.
Symbolism and Traditions[edit]
Shani, along with the goddess Jyestha, the god Yama, and the goddess Nirrti, are associated with the crow in Hindu mythology. Throughout Hindu mythology crows represent harmful and inauspicious characteristics, both of which Shani possesses.[2]
Hindu traditions often include the worship of Shani in order to dispel dangerous ghosts and other supernatural beings. Worshipers also perform healing rituals and exorcisms that derive from local and regional folk traditions.[3]
Temples and shrines[edit]
It is very auspicious and good thing to take darshan of 1008 Shani temples on a single Saturday by offering to the god all his favourite items like Oil, black cloth, black seeds(Til), udid(Udad Dal), Gur etc.
Thirunallar Shree Shaneeshwara Koil[edit]
There are clusters of nine temples/shrines dedicated to the Navagrahas. One such cluster is located near the town Kumbakonam or Mayiladuthurai in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Lord Shani's shrine in this cluster is located at Tirunallar. It is a temple dedicated to Lord Darbaranyesvara, a form of Lord Shiva, in which Lord Shani is located in a niche in a wall. At this temple, Lord Shani is considered to be of benevolent nature. Tirunallar is close to Pondicherry, and is of paramount importance to devotees. Millions of devotees visit this place to protect themselves from the effects of the transit of Saturn.
Believers consider Shani so powerful here that when a person who is suffering from Shani dasha comes here takes bath in the Nala Theertha and with their clothes wet goes and has darshan of Sri Shaneeshwara , the ill effects which he is suffering through Shani dasha is sure to vanish or at least abate to some extent.
The legendary King Nala is said to have been relieved of his afflictions, which were due to the malefic influence of Saturn, after worship in this temple. Of the numerous tanks theertams, the Nala theertam is the most important one. By bathing here, it is believed that one is washed off all kinds of misfortune and afflictions.
Shani Devaalayam in Deonar[edit]
This temple called Shree Saneshwara Temple is situated east of the Shivaji statue at the junction of Chembur, Deonar, Govandi on (Mumbai-Pune-Bangalore) Eastern Express Highway. The presiding deity of this temple is Lord Shaneeswara: a beautiful, mighty, and imposing seven-foot-tall black statue. Many devotees who have Shani Dosham, or people who are passing through Shani maha dasha, throng the temple, for doing Tailabhishekam (Tailam means oil in Sanskrit, Telugu and Malayalam). Nuvvula Nune (in Telugu, Nuvvulu means Sesame; Nune means oil) and Ellenne (in Kannada, Ellu means sesame; enne means oil) is poured with utmost devotion on the head in a manner such that the oil covers the entire idol while flowing down.
Every Saturday evening, as soon as the priest gives Aarti, Lord Shaneeswara is said to descend upon the main priest. All of a sudden, the whole atmosphere in the temple changes. One can see and feel the charged atmosphere in the temple. There after the priest sits on a chair which has a seat made of very sharp, long iron nails pointing upwards. The foot rest and hand rest are also fully fitted with upward facing, sharp long iron nails. He sits on the chair without any discomfort. Thereafter the devotees sit in silence in front of 'swami.' They are asked to bring and keep a pair of yellow lemons in their hands, waiting for their turn. Swami signals one by one by turn, to come near to him. People place the pair of yellow lemon in front of him. He listens patiently to their problems, agony, or distress or whatever they say. Then he explains the reason/cause of their agony/problem/distress. It could be 'Prarabdham', consequences of their past karmas (deeds) which are carried over to present janma, which means "life" in Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. Or as Swami explains, their problems could be the result of actions/deeds of his or her present birth itself. In some cases it could be handy work of Vamachara Tantra (black magic) by their enemies and ill-wishers. There are other types of cases where it is believed that Aatmas (spirits) of the deceased have occupied the sufferer's body causing misery and trouble. 'Swami' listens to them all with apt attention with closed eyes and intent silence and offers themPrakshalana, or "cleansing" Praayaschitam (Sanskrit and Telugu), or "repentance" through procedures such as yagna, pooja, dana, abstinence, etc. Thousands have claimed that their prayers have been answered by "Shaneeswara" through 'Swami'.
In the premises of this Shani temple, navagraha mandapam is also there apart from Hanuman, Jagadeeswara, Saibaba and Mata deities. The Sanctum Sanctorum has a very tall imposing murthy of Lord Shaneeswara along with Jestha Devi. To his left is Hanuman and to his right is Jagadeeswara Swami.
Shani Shingnapur[edit]
Another important Shrine for Lord Shani is in Shani Shingnapur, Maharashtra, India. is located half-way between Shirdi and Aurangabad. The deity here is "Swayambhu" (Sanskrit: self-evolved deity) that is self emerged from earth in form of black but imposing stone. Though no one knows the exact period, it is believed that the Swayambhu Shanaishwara statue was found from times immemorial by shepherds of the then local hamlet. It is believed to be in existence at least since Kali yuga.
The story of the swayambhu statue handed down from generations through word of mouth, goes something like this: When the Shepherd touched the stone with a pointed rod, the stone started bleeding. The shepherds were astounded. Soon the whole village gathered around to watch the miracle. On that night Lord Shanaishwara appeared in the dream of the most devoted and pious of the shepherds.
He told the shepherd that he is "Shanaishwara". He also told that the unique looking black stone is his swayambhu form. The shepherd prayed and asked the lord whether he should construct a temple for him. To this, Lord Shani Mahatma said there is no need for a roof as the whole sky is his roof and he preferred to be under open sky. He asked the shephered to do daily pooja and 'Tailabhisheka' every Saturday without fail. He also promised the whole hamlet will have no fear of dacoits or burglars or thieves.
So, Lord Shanaishwara can be seen even today, in the open yard without any roof above. To this day, there are no doors for any houses, shops, temples. It is to be seen to believe that even post office has no door, not to speak of locks. Due to the fear of Lord Shani, none of the structures, be it dwelling houses, huts, shops, etc. situated within one kilometer radius of this Lord Shani temple have neither doors nor locks. No thievery or burglary ever occurred here in this hamlet called Shani Shingnapur. Some who have tried to steal have died vomiting blood within minutes of their act and before they could cross the boundary. Many others are said have received varied punishments such as long sickness, mental imbalance etc.
This Shani Shingnapur is visited daily by thousands of devotees praying for Lord Shaneswara's favour. The place is busiest on Saturdays. Shani Trayodasi is considered to be a favorite day for the lord. Similarly Saturday falling on 'Amavasya'(new moon day in Sanskrit and many other Indian languages) is considered to be a favorites day for the Lord Shanaishwara. Thousands of devotees seeking visit the temple daily.
Sri Shani Temple Titwala[edit]
Sri Shani Temple at Titwala is situated near Titwala Ganesh Temple and Shri Swamy Samarth Matha. Prana Pratisthta of this temple was carried out on May 29, 2011. It is constructed by Sri Prahlad Trayambak Kanhore on his own compound. Once he thought of constructing a temple of Lord Shani Temple, but he had no place to build the temple. In a dream Lord Shaneshwara told him to build a temple in his own compound for the well wishers of Lord Shani's devotees.
Largest statue[edit]
In 2013, a 20-foot tall statue of Lord Shani was established at Yerdanur in the mandal of Sangareddy, Medak district (Andhra Pradesh), nearly 40 kilometers from Hyderabad city and around 8–10 km from Patancheru, easy to reach by road. It is considered by far the largest statue of the Lord of Saturday. It was carved from a monolith and weighs about nine tonnes. Thakur Suryapratap Singh, who established the statue, said he wanted to combat the notion that Saturn was ill-omened, describing him instead as "the Lord of Justice".[4] A temple to Durga is located at nearby Vill.
Sri Shani Temple Kuchanoor[edit]
The only temple in India, which is solely meant for Shaneeswara Bhagavan, is located at Kuchanoor - 20 km. south of Theni near Madurai.
Shani Temples @ Aurangabad - Maharashtra:
Bhadra Maruti Shani temple at Khultabad In Railway Station premise of Aurangabad [be cautious about the parking as Cops are on patrolling to pick vehicles from no parking area] Off Railway Station - Baba petrol pump road [this temple has Hanuman temple as well] Temple off Karnapura devi road, near Baba petrol pump [this temple as well as Panchamukhi hanuman temple in its premise] Shani temple behind Chhavani Police Station [this also has other deities like Devi, Hanuman, Mahadev temples] Shani temple inside University campus [its a beautiful place with Mahadev temple in its premise] Shani temple in Kotla colony near Kranti chowk [famous temple known by many people, it has Lord Dattatreya idol in its premise] Shani temple in Khokadpura [opposite to Shivaji High school, and this temple has Hanuman temple in its premise] Shani temple in Rokda Hanuman Colony near Amar preet hotel [this temple has Hanuman, Vitthal Rukmini and Balaji temples in its premise] Shani Temple in N2 [Other temples would be given soon along with photos]
Sri Loga Naayaga Shani Eswara Bagavan Shrine COIMBATORE[edit]
Loga Nayaga Shani Eswaran shrine Located at Puliakulam, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, the Shani Idol is seven foot tall made up of his own pure iron metal stands on rock stone peedam called dhanusthula. An iron crow which is Shani's vaahana stands in front of him.
It is the first iron made Shani idol in the world, so the name called as Loga nayaga means in Tamil Uloga Nayaga and Ulaga Nayagan or commonly loga nayaga.
Visiting the shrine is very easy by Coimbatore city bus. It is a short walk from a world famous and biggest single stone Ganesh idol called Arulmigu Munthi Vinayagar temple, Puliakulam, Coimbatore.
In Hindu tradition, Rahu (
) is a severed head of an asura, that swallows the sun causingeclipses. He is depicted in art as a serpent with no body riding a chariot drawn by eight black horses. Rahu is one of the navagrahas (nine planets) in Vedic astrology and is paired withKetu. The time of day considered to be under the influence of Rahu is called Rahu kala and is considered inauspicious.
Astronomically, Rahu and Ketu denote the points of intersection of the paths of the Sun and the Moon as they move on the celestial sphere. Therefore, Rahu and Ketu are respectively called the north and the south lunar nodes. The fact that eclipses occur when the Sun and the Moon are at one of these points gives rise to the myth of the swallowing of the Sun and the Moon by the demon snake.
) is a severed head of an asura, that swallows the sun causingeclipses. He is depicted in art as a serpent with no body riding a chariot drawn by eight black horses. Rahu is one of the navagrahas (nine planets) in Vedic astrology and is paired withKetu. The time of day considered to be under the influence of Rahu is called Rahu kala and is considered inauspicious.Contents
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Mythology[edit]
Hinduism[edit]
According to legend, during the Samudra manthan, the asura Rahu drank some of the amrita (divine nectar). The sun and moon realized it and alerted Mohini (the female avatar of Vishnu). Mohini cut off the asura's head before the nectar could pass his throat. The head, however, remained immortal due to the effect of amrita and became Rahu.
It is believed that this immortal head from time to time swallows the sun, causing eclipses. Then, the sun passes through the opening at the neck, ending the eclipse. The body also turned into Ketu due to a boon, and it in turn swallows the moon on timely basis to cause a lunar eclipse.
Various names are assigned to Rahu in Vedic texts including: the chief, the advisor of the demons, the minister of the demons, ever-angry, the tormentor, bitter enemy of the luminaries, lord of illusions, one who frightens the Sun, the one who makes the Moon lustreless, the peacemaker, the immortal (having drunk the divine nectar), bestower of prosperity and wealth and ultimate knowledge.
In ancient Tamil astrological scripts, Rahu was considered as incarnation of Shakti in beastly form.
Hanuman and Rahu[edit]
Hanuman, in his childhood, flew towards the sun, as it appeared to be a big fruit. The day was solar eclipse day, when Rahu was to swallow up the sun. Rahu arrived and saw Hanuman also approaching and thought that Hanuman is trying to swallow the sun; Hanuman, seeing Rahu, was attracted by curiosity to the disembodied head, and caught Rahu.
On another occasion, during the Ramayana war, Ravana imprisoned the Navagrahas. Hanuman arrived and released them. They were grateful to Hanuman, saying "people devoted to you are blessed by us too." All the grahas thanked Hanuman individually for releasing them. Thus, it is believed that Rahu's negative influence will be subdued when one worships Hanuman. Worship of Lord Rama appeases Lord Hanuman the most.
Buddhism[edit]
Rahu is mentioned explicitly in a pair of scriptures from the Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon. In the Candima Sutta and the Suriya Sutta, Rahu attacks Chandra the moon deity and Surya the sun deity before being compelled to release them by their recitation of a brief stanza conveying their reverence for the Buddha.[1][2] The Buddha responds by enjoining Rahu to release them, which Rahu does rather than have his "head split into seven pieces".[2] The verses recited by the two celestial deities and the Buddha have since been incorporated into Buddhist liturgy as protective verses (paritta) recited by monks as prayers of protection.[3]
In the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, Rahu (or Rahula; Tib. gza) is considered to have been subjugated by Padmasambhava, becoming one of the principle protectors of the Dzogchen teachings, particularly the Longchen Nyingthik. He is usually depicted with nine heads and a thousand eyes all over his dark-colored body. In his four arms he holds a bow and arrow, and often a lasso and victory banner. He is wrathful in appearance, ablaze with fire, and his lower body has the form of a snake. Rahula is a sa, a class of deities associated with the heavenly bodies. Rahu is one of the krodhadevatas (lit: Anger divinities. i.e., a divinity having the attributes of anger and the like).
Astrology[edit]
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In Vedic astrology Rahu dasha can either be the best time of any person's life or plunge him into deep trouble depending on which planet is controlling him and which bhava or pattern of life like longevity, pleasures etc. he is aspecting or controlling. Rahu dasa gives immense scope for obtaining spectacular results from worship or dhyana. Worship of Goddess Durga pleases Rahu the most and he confers immense benefits to the worshipper. Rahu is seen as an asura or demon who does his best to plunge any area of life he controls into chaos, mystery, and cruelty. He is associated with the world of material manifestation and worldly desire, as well as random, uncontrolled growth without wisdom or understanding.
Rahu is supposed to be a mighty and naughty child of Maya, and thus is associated with dualities resulting from its mayavi (illusory) nature. It is a legendary master of deception who signifies cheaters, pleasure seekers, operators in foreign lands, drug dealers, poison dealers, insincere and immoral acts. It is the symbol of an irreligious person, an outcast, harsh speech, falsehoods, uncleanliness, abdominal ulcers, bones, and transmigration. Sudden changes in luck and fame are also linked to Rahu. Rahu is considered instrumental in strengthening one's power and converting even an enemy into a friend. It relates to the Seventh Ray energy of esoteric astrology, as it represents a force displaying all the possibilities within the realm of existence.
The astrological text Lal Kitab notes that if Saturn and Mars are conjunct, they can be together considered as Rahu, while if Jupiter and Venus are conjunct, they can together be treated as Ketu.
In Vedic astrology, different systems assign Rahu different signs regarding rulership, exaltation, and debilitation.
Rahu is lord of three nakshatras or lunar mansions: Ardra, Svati and Shatabhisha. Shatabhisha is his most powerful nakshatra, it's said that Rahu is at his apex of power when operating through this nakshatra. Rahu is associated with the following: its color is smoky, metal is lead, and its gemstone is honey-colored hessonite. Its element is air and its direction is southwest.
Rahu dan[edit]
Ants are considered of the favoured species of Rahu. In some parts of India feeding ants is considered one of the ways of propitiating Rahu.
In Thailand, people offer a plate of black offering—black coffee, black Coke, black beans, black biscuits amongst other items to propitiate Phra Rahu, whom they hold in very high regard. There is a shrine for Phra Rahu in Wat Traimet near Chinatown in Bangkok.
The other Phra Rahu statue is in the Wat Yannawa, near the Saphan Taksin sky train station. A glass fish-bowl filled with white sugar balls on which ants are fed continuously is also kept in Thai businesses.
Articles that are donated in order to mitigate negative effects of Rahu include mustard, radishes, blankets, sesame, lead, saffron, satnaja (a mixture of seven grains), and coal.[4]
Worship[edit]
There is a dedicated temple to Rahu - Naganatha Temple at Thirunageswaram, Tamil Nadu, India. There is a milk abhishekam everyday during Rahu Kaalam to appease Rahu. The milk turns light blue when it flows down after touching the statue of Rahu. This practice has been followed for over 1,500 years.
Rahu is also worshipped along with the other 9 planets in all Hindu temples in Burma. The navagraha deities, featuring nine planets, exist in the Ganesh Temple in Mandalay, Myanmar, and also in the courtyard of the South Indian temple in Silom, Thailand. One complex of this nature, featuring statues of all nine planets, also exists in the Bhairav Mahadev Sthan in Gyaneswor, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Phra Rahu, as he is called in Thailand, is worshipped in Wat Traimit in Bangkok's Chinatown and also in Wat Yannawa, amongst other wats. The most famous temple for Phra Rahu worshipping in Thailand is in Nakhon Pathom Province, a temple called Wat Srisathhong.
Rahu is also worshipped by the Dusadh (Paswan) caste found in Bihar. A prayer in the form of a three day fast is offered by devotees. The bhagat (priest) assists the devotee in prayer by standing on a ladder made of swords and by fire-offering at which the bhagat walks through the fire. The ritual is a device to secure abundance of sunlight and prosperity by the community.
Rahu Mantra[edit]
Mantras linked with Rahu include "Om Bhram Bhreem Bhroum Sah Rahave Namah" and "Om Rang Rahuve Namah Om". "Om Dhoom Raam Rahave Namaha"
See also[edit]
Ketu (Sanskrit: केतु, IAST: Ketú) (
) is the descending lunar node in Vedic, or Hindu astrology. After the head of Svarbhānu, an Asura, was cut off by God Vishnu, his head and body joined with a snake to form 'Ketu', representing the body without a head, and Rahu, representing the head without a body. According to some accounts in Hindu mythology, Ketu belongs to Jaimini Gotra, whereas Rahu is form Paiteenasa gotra and hence both are totally different entities with distinct characteristics and not two parts of a common body. Ketu is generally referred to as a "shadow" planet. It is believed to have a tremendous impact on human lives and also the whole creation. In some special circumstances it helps someone achieve the zenith of fame. Ketu is often depicted with a gem or star on his head signifying a mystery light.
Astronomically, Ketu and Rahu denote the points of intersection of the paths of the Sun and the Moon as they move on the celestial sphere. Therefore, Rahu and Ketu are respectively called the north and the south lunar nodes. The fact that eclipses occur when the Sun and the Moon are at one of these points gives rise to the understanding of swallowing of the Sun and the Moon by the snake (Rahu).
In ancient Tamil astrological scripts, Ketu was considered as incarnation of Indra. During a war with Asuras, Indra was defeated and took a passive form and a subtle state as Ketu. Indra spent this time realizing his past mistakes, and failures and that lead to spirituality towards Lord Shiva.
Ketu (Sanskrit: केतु, IAST: Ketú) () is the descending lunar node in Vedic, or Hindu astrology. After the head of Svarbhānu, an Asura, was cut off by God Vishnu, his head and body joined with a snake to form 'Ketu', representing the body without a head, and Rahu, representing the head without a body. According to some accounts in Hindu mythology, Ketu belongs to Jaimini Gotra, whereas Rahu is form Paiteenasa gotra and hence both are totally different entities with distinct characteristics and not two parts of a common body. Ketu is generally referred to as a "shadow" planet. It is believed to have a tremendous impact on human lives and also the whole creation. In some special circumstances it helps someone achieve the zenith of fame. Ketu is often depicted with a gem or star on his head signifying a mystery light.
) is the descending lunar node in Vedic, or Hindu astrology. After the head of Svarbhānu, an Asura, was cut off by God Vishnu, his head and body joined with a snake to form 'Ketu', representing the body without a head, and Rahu, representing the head without a body. According to some accounts in Hindu mythology, Ketu belongs to Jaimini Gotra, whereas Rahu is form Paiteenasa gotra and hence both are totally different entities with distinct characteristics and not two parts of a common body. Ketu is generally referred to as a "shadow" planet. It is believed to have a tremendous impact on human lives and also the whole creation. In some special circumstances it helps someone achieve the zenith of fame. Ketu is often depicted with a gem or star on his head signifying a mystery light.
Astronomically, Ketu and Rahu denote the points of intersection of the paths of the Sun and the Moon as they move on the celestial sphere. Therefore, Rahu and Ketu are respectively called the north and the south lunar nodes. The fact that eclipses occur when the Sun and the Moon are at one of these points gives rise to the understanding of swallowing of the Sun and the Moon by the snake (Rahu).
In ancient Tamil astrological scripts, Ketu was considered as incarnation of Indra. During a war with Asuras, Indra was defeated and took a passive form and a subtle state as Ketu. Indra spent this time realizing his past mistakes, and failures and that lead to spirituality towards Lord Shiva.
Astrology[edit]
In Hindu astrology Ketu represents karmic collections both good and bad, spirituality and supernatural influences. Ketu is associated with the Meena Avatar(Fish Incarnation) of Vishnu. Ketu signifies the spiritual process of the refinement of materialization to spirit and is considered both malefic and benefic, as it causes sorrow and loss, and yet at the same time turns the individual to God. In other words, it causes material loss in order to force a more spiritual outlook in the person. Ketu is a karaka or indicator of intelligence, wisdom, non-attachment, fantasy, penetrating insight, derangement, and psychic abilities. Ketu is believed to bring prosperity to the devotee's family, removes the effects of snakebite and illness arising out of poisons. He grants good health, wealth and cattle to his devotees. Ketu is the lord of three nakshatras or lunar mansions: Ashvini,Magha and Mula.
Ketu is considered responsible for moksha, sannyasa, self-realization, gnana, a wavering nature, restlessness, the endocrine system and slender physique.
The people who come under the influence of Ketu can achieve great heights, most of them spiritual.
In his wife Siḿhikā, Vipracitti begot one hundred and one sons, of whom the eldest is Rāhu and the others are the one hundred Ketus.
| Aries | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Zodiac symbol | Ram |
| Duration (tropical,western) | 20 March – 20 April (2015, UTC) |
| Constellation | Aries |
| Zodiac element | Fire |
| Zodiac quality | Cardinal |
| Sign ruler | Mars and Pluto |
| Detriment | Venus |
| Exaltation | Sun |
| Fall | Saturn |
            | |
Aries (♈) /ˈɛəriːz/ (meaning "ram") is the first astrological sign in the Zodiac, spanning the first 30 degrees of celestial longitude (0°≤ λ <30º). Under the tropical zodiac, the Sun transits this sign between March 21 and April 21 each year. This time duration is exactly the first month ofSolar Hejri calendar (Farvardin). Under the sidereal zodiac, the sun currently transits Aries from 15 April to 15 May (approximately). The symbol of the ram is based on the Chrysomallus, the flying ram that provided the Golden Fleece.[1]
According to the Tropical system of astrology, the Sun enters the sign of Aries when it reaches the northern vernal equinox, which occurs around March 21. Because the Earth takes approximately 365.25 days to go around the Sun, the precise time of the equinox is not the same each year, and generally will occur about 6 hours later each year, with a jump of a day (backwards) on leap years. Since 1900 the vernal equinox date ranged from March 20 at 08h (2000) to March 21 at 19h (1903) (all times UTC).[2]
Individuals born during these dates, depending on which system of astrology they subscribe to, may be called Arians or Ariens
| Taurus | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Zodiac symbol | Bull |
| Duration (tropical,western) | 20 April – 21 May (2015, UTC) |
| Constellation | Taurus |
| Zodiac element | Earth |
| Zodiac quality | Fixed |
| Sign ruler | Venus and Terra |
| Detriment | Pluto, Mars |
| Exaltation | Moon |
| Fall | None; No Traditional Fall |
| |
Taurus (♉) (the Latin word for bull) is the second astrological sign in the Zodiac. It spans the 30-60th degree of the zodiac, between 27.25 and 54.75 degree of celestial longitude. Under the tropic zodiac, the Sun transits this area on average between April 20 and May 20 each year. Under the sidereal zodiac, the sun currently transits the constellation of Taurus from May 16 to June 15 (approximately). Individuals born during these dates, depending on which system of astrology they subscribe to, may be called Taureans.[1] The symbol of the bull is based on the Cretan Bull, the white bull that fathered the Minotaur and was killed byHercules.[2]
History[edit]
Taurus used to be the first sign of the zodiacs, because it indicated the vernal equinox. However, currently, it is now the second sign of the zodiacs, although Taurus is still associated with the renewal of spring. Taurus, meaning bull in Latin, was chosen to represent this kind of personality to portray a strong willed character with great perseverance and determination. Also, in Egypt, Taurus was seen as a representation of the cow goddess Hathor. The cow goddess Hathor was the goddess of beauty, love, and happiness, and she represented all of the riches seen in cattle as the providers of nourishment. Taurus is also ruled by the Roman goddess Venus (the goddess of beauty).
For other uses, see Gemini (disambiguation).
| Gemini | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Zodiac symbol | Twins |
| Duration (tropical,western) | 21 May – 21 June (2015,UTC) |
| Constellation | Gemini |
| Zodiac element | Air |
| Zodiac quality | Mutable |
| Sign ruler | Mercury |
| Detriment | Jupiter |
| Exaltation | No planet (Some say North Node), Ceres |
| Fall | No planet (Some saySouth Node) |
| |
Gemini (pronunciation: /ˈdʒɛmɪnaɪ/ or /ˈdʒɛmɪniː/ jem-in-eye or jem-in-ee) (♊) is the thirdastrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Gemini. Under the tropical zodiac, the sun transits this sign between May 21 and June 21. The symbol of the twins is based on the Dioscuri, two mortals that were granted shared godhood after death.[1]
| 14) |
| Cancer | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Zodiac symbol | Crab |
| Duration (tropical,western) | 21 June – 23 July (2015, UTC) |
| Constellation | Cancer |
| Zodiac element | Water |
| Zodiac quality | Cardinal |
| Sign ruler | Moon |
| Detriment | Saturn |
| Exaltation | Jupiter |
| Fall | Mars |
| |
Cancer (♋) is the fourth astrological sign, which is associated with the constellation Cancer. It spans the 90-120th degree of the zodiac, between 90 and 125.25 degree of celestial longitude. Under the tropical zodiac, the Sun transits this area on average between June 22 and July 22, and under the sidereal zodiac, the Sun transits this area between approximately July 16 and August 15. A person under this sign is called a Moon child.The symbol of the crab is based on the Karkinos, a giant crab that harassed Hercules during his fight with the Hydra.[1]
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Astrology[edit]
See also: History of astrology
Cancer lies east of Gemini and can be recognized by the Beehive Cluster, Praesepe.[2] Along with Scorpio and Pisces, the constellations form the Watery Trigon.[2] The Watery Trigon is one of four elemental trigons, fiery, earthy, airy, and watery.[3] When a trigon is influential, it affects changes on earth.[3] Cancer is said to be the house of Neptune and the exaltation of Jupiter, both astronomical bodies having influence over those born under Cancer.[4][5] The right ascension of Cancer is 8 h 38.96 m.[6] Its declinationis +19 degrees 48.35 m and it is located in quadrant NQ2.[6] Cancer is most visible at 21:00 in March between the latitudes of +90 and -60 degrees.[6]
Associations[edit]
The sign of Cancer is said to be associated with the characteristics: watery, phlegmatic, feminine, cardinal, northern, commanding, nocturnal, weak, mute, and fruitful.[4] Those who are born from June 22 to July 22 are born under Cancer.[7][8] Cancer is a northern sign and its opposite Southern sign is Capricorn.[4][5] Those born under Cancer can have a fair pale complexion, round face, grey blue eyes, weak voice, large upper body, slender arms, small feet, and an effeminate constitution.[4] Places that Cancer is associated with are the sea, rivers, brooks, wells, wash-houses, marsh grounds, and trenches.[5] The areas of the body that Cancer governs are the breast and the stomach.[4] Cancerians are said to be people of sensation and feeling. They tend to go by their own intuition as opposed to reasonable advice.[9] People under Cancer are also said to reflect the qualities of the moon. This causes their emotions to sometimes swing from high to low and a Cancerian can sometimes be smothering in nature.[9] Since the domain of Neptune is at night, Cancerians are suited to the night when their creativity is high.[9]
Three classes of Cancer[edit]
June 22 - July 3[edit]
July 4 - July 13[edit]
July 14 - July 22[edit]
Mythology[edit]
Greek mythology[edit]
The story of Cancer the Crab is said to be connected to Hercules. Some storytellers say that during Hercules's fight with Lernaean Hydra,Hera, sent a crab to snap at Hercules's toes because Hera had sworn to kill Hercules.[10] Hercules was able to kill the crab by smashing its shell with his foot.[11] As a reward for its efforts serving her, Hera placed the crab in the sky and it became Cancer.[11]
Chinese mythology[edit]
In Chinese star lore, Cancer is in the 23rd of the 28 mansions or xiu.[12] This mansion is called Gui which roughly translates to "ghosts".[12]The Chinese divided the sky into four quarters, each with its own direction, season, and mythical creature. Cancer exists in the Red (Vermillion) Bird of the south. It is associated with summer.[12]
| 2014) |
| Leo | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Zodiac symbol | Lion |
| Duration (tropical,western) | 23 July – 23 August (2015, UTC) |
| Constellation | Leo |
| Zodiac element | Fire |
| Zodiac quality | Fixed |
| Sign ruler | The Sun [1] |
| Detriment | Uranus |
| Exaltation | Neptune or Pluto |
| Fall | Saturn, Mercury |
| |
Leo (♌) is the fifth astrological sign of the zodiac, originating from the constellation of Leo. It spans the 120-150th degree of the Tropical zodiac, between 125.25 and 152.75 degree ofcelestial longitude. Under the tropical zodiac, Jupiter transits this area on average between July 23 and August 27 each year, and under the sidereal zodiac, Jupiter currently transits this area from approximately August 16 to September 15. The symbol of the lion is based on theNemean Lion, a lion with an impenetrable hide.[2] Leo is followed by the Sixth astrological signof the zodiac Virgo. People born under August 18 to August 27 are considered to be apart of the Leo-Virgo Cusp. These people have a mixture of both personalities.
encyclopedia
| Virgo | |
|---|---|
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| Zodiac symbol | Virgin maiden |
| Duration (tropical,western) | 23 August – 23 September (2015, UTC) |
| Constellation | Virgo |
| Zodiac element | Earth |
| Zodiac quality | Mutable |
| Sign ruler | Mercury |
| Detriment | Neptune |
| Exaltation | Pluto, Mercury |
| Fall | Venus |
| |
Virgo (♍) is the sixth astrological sign in the Zodiac. Virgo is the second-largest constellation. It spans the 150-180th degree of the zodiac, between 152.75 and 180 degree of celestial longitude. Under the tropical zodiac, the Sun transits this area on average between August 28 and September 22, and under the sidereal zodiac, the sun currently transits the constellation of Virgo from September 17 to October 17. Individuals born during these dates, depending on which system of astrology they subscribe to, may be called Virgos[1] or Virgoans.[2] The symbol of the maiden is based on Astraea. She was the last immortal to abandon earth at the end of the Silver Age, when the gods fled to Olympus - hence the sign's association with earth.[3]
| Libra | |
|---|---|
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| Zodiac symbol | Scales |
| Duration (tropical,western) | 23 September – 23 October (2014, UTC) |
| Constellation | Libra |
| Zodiac element | Air |
| Zodiac quality | Cardinal |
| Sign ruler | Venus |
| Detriment | Mars |
| Exaltation | Saturn |
| Fall | Sun |
| |
Libra (♎) is the seventh astrological sign in the Zodiac. It spans the 180–210th degree of the zodiac, between 180 and 207.25 degree of celestial longitude. Under the tropical zodiac, Suntransits this area on average between (northern autumnal equinox) September 23 and October 22, and under the sidereal zodiac, the sun currently transits the constellation of Libra from approximately October 16 to November 15.[1][2] The symbol of the scales is based on the Scales of Justice held by Themis, the Greek personification of divine law and custom.[3] She became the inspiration for modern depictions of Lady Justice.
| Scorpio | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Zodiac symbol | Scorpion |
| Duration (tropical,western) | 23 October – 22 November (2014, UTC) |
| Constellation | Scorpius |
| Zodiac element | Water |
| Zodiac quality | Fixed |
| Sign ruler | Mars primary , Plutosecondary |
| Detriment | Venus |
| Exaltation | Uranus |
| Fall | Moon |
| |
Scorpio (♏) (Greek: Σκορπιός, Skorpios; Latin: Scorpius) is the eighth astrological sign in theZodiac. It spans the 210–240th degree of the zodiac, between 207.25 and 234.75 degree ofcelestial longitude. Under the tropical zodiac, the sun transits this area on average between October 23 and November 22, and under the sidereal zodiac, the sun currently transits the constellation of Scorpius from approximately November 16 to December 15. Depending on which zodiac system one uses, an individual born under the influence of Scorpio may be called a Scorpio or a Scorpion.[1] The symbol of the scorpion is based on Scorpius, a giant scorpion sent by Gaia to kill Orion.[2]
| Sagittarius | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Zodiac symbol | The Archer |
| Duration (tropical,western) | 22 November – 22 December (2014, UTC) |
| Constellation | Sagittarius |
| Zodiac element | Fire |
| Zodiac quality | Mutable |
| Sign ruler | Jupiter |
| Detriment | Mercury |
| Exaltation | No planet (Some say South Node)[citation needed] |
| Fall | No planet (Some say North Node), Ceres[citation needed] |
| |
Sagittarius (♐) (Greek: Τοξότης, "Toxotes", Latin: "Sagittarius") is the ninth astrological sign, which is associated with the constellation Sagittarius. The symbol of the archer is based on the centaur Chiron, who mentored Achilles in archery.[1]
Sagittarius, half human and half-horse, is the centaur of mythology, the learned healer who forms a bridge between human beings and beasts. Also known as the Archer, Sagittarius is represented by the symbol of an arrow.
encyclopedia
| Capricorn | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Zodiac symbol | Goat |
| Duration (tropical,western) | 22 December – 20 January (2014, UTC) |
| Constellation | Capricornus |
| Zodiac element | Earth |
| Zodiac quality | Cardinal |
| Sign ruler | Saturn |
| Detriment | Moon |
| Exaltation | Mars |
| Fall | Jupiter |
| |
Capricorn (♑) is the tenth astrological sign in the zodiac, originating from the constellation of Capricornus. It spans the 270–300th degree of the zodiac, corresponding to celestial longitude. Capricorn is ruled by the planet Saturn. Under the tropical zodiac, the sun transits this area from December 22 to January 19 each year, and under the sidereal zodiac, the sun currently transits the constellation of Capricorn from approximately January 15 to February 14. Inastrology, Capricorn is considered an earth sign, introvert sign,[1] and one of the four cardinal signs.
Capricorn-Sagittarius cusps (those born from December 22 to December 28) are considered to be slightly different from the typical Capricorn, being more outgoing, jovial and less ambitious and money-orientated than the Capricorn who is not born on a cusp.[2]
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Associations[edit]
encyclopedia
Aquarius
Zodiac symbol Water-Bearer Duration (tropical,western) 20 January – 19 February (2015, UTC) Constellation Aquarius Zodiac element Air Zodiac quality Fixed Sign ruler Uranus Detriment Sun Exaltation Saturn, Mercury Fall Neptune
Aquarius (♒) (Greek: Ύδροχόος, "Hydrokhoös", Latin: "Aquārius") is the eleventh astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation Aquarius. The symbol of the water-bearer is based on Hyas, who was killed by wild beasts while fetching water from the river.[1] His sisters make rain when they weep for him, hence the sign's association with air.
Under the tropical zodiac, the sun is in Aquarius typically between January 20 and February 18, while under the Sidereal Zodiac, the sun is in Aquarius from approximately February 15 to March 14, depending on leap year.
| Aquarius | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Zodiac symbol | Water-Bearer |
| Duration (tropical,western) | 20 January – 19 February (2015, UTC) |
| Constellation | Aquarius |
| Zodiac element | Air |
| Zodiac quality | Fixed |
| Sign ruler | Uranus |
| Detriment | Sun |
| Exaltation | Saturn, Mercury |
| Fall | Neptune |
| |
Aquarius (♒) (Greek: Ύδροχόος, "Hydrokhoös", Latin: "Aquārius") is the eleventh astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation Aquarius. The symbol of the water-bearer is based on Hyas, who was killed by wild beasts while fetching water from the river.[1] His sisters make rain when they weep for him, hence the sign's association with air.
Under the tropical zodiac, the sun is in Aquarius typically between January 20 and February 18, while under the Sidereal Zodiac, the sun is in Aquarius from approximately February 15 to March 14, depending on leap year.
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Background[edit]
Aquarius is one of the oldest of the recognized constellations along the zodiac (the sun's apparent path).[2] It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century AD astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is found in a region often called the Sea due to its profusion of constellations with watery associations such as Cetus the whale, Pisces the fish, and Eridanus the river.[2] The stars of Aquarius lie between those of Pisces and Capricornus along the ecliptic. To the north is the Great Square of Pegasus, and to the south is the first-magnitude star Fomalhaut. Thus it is an important star group, although it has only a few important stars. Its alpha star, Sadalmelik, is only at magnitude 3.2, and there are only about 20 other stars brighter than fifth magnitude. However, some of these stars form asterisms, star patterns such as the Water Jar, a trefoil (resembling the Mercedes-Benz symbol) of Pi, Gamma, and Eta-Aquarii surrounding Zeta. This Y-shaped group lies to the east of Sadalmelik. Zeta-Aquarii is one of a number of interesting double stars. It is a beautiful pair of fourth-magnitude stars separated by about 3 arcseconds. The colors of the pair are given as pale green and pale yellow. Another star of note is R-Aquarii, a Mira-type variable star which, over the space of a year, changes from a dim magnitude 11 to a magnitude of six.[3]
Aquarius is one of the oldest of the recognized constellations along the zodiac (the sun's apparent path).[2] It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century AD astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is found in a region often called the Sea due to its profusion of constellations with watery associations such as Cetus the whale, Pisces the fish, and Eridanus the river.[2] The stars of Aquarius lie between those of Pisces and Capricornus along the ecliptic. To the north is the Great Square of Pegasus, and to the south is the first-magnitude star Fomalhaut. Thus it is an important star group, although it has only a few important stars. Its alpha star, Sadalmelik, is only at magnitude 3.2, and there are only about 20 other stars brighter than fifth magnitude. However, some of these stars form asterisms, star patterns such as the Water Jar, a trefoil (resembling the Mercedes-Benz symbol) of Pi, Gamma, and Eta-Aquarii surrounding Zeta. This Y-shaped group lies to the east of Sadalmelik. Zeta-Aquarii is one of a number of interesting double stars. It is a beautiful pair of fourth-magnitude stars separated by about 3 arcseconds. The colors of the pair are given as pale green and pale yellow. Another star of note is R-Aquarii, a Mira-type variable star which, over the space of a year, changes from a dim magnitude 11 to a magnitude of six.[3]
Mythology[edit]
In the Greek tradition, the constellation became represented as simply a single vase from which a stream poured down to Piscis Austrinus. The name in the Hindu zodiac is likewise kumbha "water-pitcher", showing that the zodiac reached India via Greek intermediaries.
In Greek mythology, Aquarius is sometimes associated with Deucalion, the son of Prometheus who built a ship with his wife Pyrrha to survive an imminent flood. They sailed for nine days before washing ashore on Mount Parnassus. Aquarius is also sometimes identified with beautiful Ganymede, a youth in Greek mythology and the son of Trojan king Tros, who was taken to Mount Olympus by Zeus to act as cup-carrier to the gods.Neighboring Aquila represents the eagle, under Zeus' command, that snatched the young boy; some versions of the myth indicate that the eagle was in fact Zeus transformed. An alternative version of the tale recounts Ganymede's kidnapping by the goddess of the dawn, Eos, motivated by her affection for young men; Zeus then stole him from Eos and employed him as cup-bearer. Yet another figure associated with the water bearer is Cecrops I, a king of Athens who sacrificed water instead of wine to the gods.[4]
In the Greek tradition, the constellation became represented as simply a single vase from which a stream poured down to Piscis Austrinus. The name in the Hindu zodiac is likewise kumbha "water-pitcher", showing that the zodiac reached India via Greek intermediaries.
In Greek mythology, Aquarius is sometimes associated with Deucalion, the son of Prometheus who built a ship with his wife Pyrrha to survive an imminent flood. They sailed for nine days before washing ashore on Mount Parnassus. Aquarius is also sometimes identified with beautiful Ganymede, a youth in Greek mythology and the son of Trojan king Tros, who was taken to Mount Olympus by Zeus to act as cup-carrier to the gods.Neighboring Aquila represents the eagle, under Zeus' command, that snatched the young boy; some versions of the myth indicate that the eagle was in fact Zeus transformed. An alternative version of the tale recounts Ganymede's kidnapping by the goddess of the dawn, Eos, motivated by her affection for young men; Zeus then stole him from Eos and employed him as cup-bearer. Yet another figure associated with the water bearer is Cecrops I, a king of Athens who sacrificed water instead of wine to the gods.[4]
Personality[edit]
Individuals born under the sign of Aquarius are often quirky and unconventional. Sometimes their eccentricities are obvious -- they may have an unusual sense of humor, or have interests that others do not. Other times, Aquarians will have very small, quirky and sometimes amusing eccentricities which only become apparent as one gets to know them.
Aquarius is a very free-spirited, unpredictable sign, and those born with this sun-sign are often given to a wide range of emotions, and to indecision. Aquarians will often change their mind about certain things, as the mood suits them. While typically intellectual, charming and well behaved, Aquarians will sometimes change their mind regarding important issues, or act in a very self interested way. For the most part, Aquarians are concerned with the "greater good" and express humanitarian interests -- just so long as those interests don't conflict with their own.[5]
Aquarians are extremely friendly, and very well liked. They are always a mystery -- with their unpredictable responses and often complex personality types. Aquarians typically love to travel and are always up for adventure.
Individuals born under the sign of Aquarius are often quirky and unconventional. Sometimes their eccentricities are obvious -- they may have an unusual sense of humor, or have interests that others do not. Other times, Aquarians will have very small, quirky and sometimes amusing eccentricities which only become apparent as one gets to know them.
Aquarius is a very free-spirited, unpredictable sign, and those born with this sun-sign are often given to a wide range of emotions, and to indecision. Aquarians will often change their mind about certain things, as the mood suits them. While typically intellectual, charming and well behaved, Aquarians will sometimes change their mind regarding important issues, or act in a very self interested way. For the most part, Aquarians are concerned with the "greater good" and express humanitarian interests -- just so long as those interests don't conflict with their own.[5]
Aquarians are extremely friendly, and very well liked. They are always a mystery -- with their unpredictable responses and often complex personality types. Aquarians typically love to travel and are always up for adventure.
Compatibility[edit]
According to the Western astrologers Libra, Gemini, Sagittarius and Aries make the best partners for Aquarians.
encyclopedia
Pisces
Zodiac symbol Fish Duration (tropical,western) 19 February – 20 March (2015, UTC) Constellation Pisces Zodiac element Water Zodiac quality Mutable Sign ruler Neptune and Jupiter Detriment Mercury Exaltation Venus Fall Mercury
Pisces (♓) (/ˈpaɪsiːz/,[1] pis'eez;[2] Ancient Greek: Ἰχθύες, "Ikhthues") is the twelfth astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the Pisces constellation. It spans the 330° to 360° of the zodiac, between 332.75° and 360° of celestial longitude. Under the tropical zodiac the suntransits this area on average between February 20 and March 20,[a][3] and under the sidereal zodiac, the sun transits this area between approximately March 14 and April 14. The symbol of the fish is derived from the ichthyocentaurs, who aided Aphrodite when she was born from the sea.[4]
According to new agers and some tropical astrologers, the current astrological age is the Age of Pisces,[5] while others maintain that it is the Age of Aquarius.
According to the Western astrologers Libra, Gemini, Sagittarius and Aries make the best partners for Aquarians.
encyclopedia
| Pisces | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Zodiac symbol | Fish |
| Duration (tropical,western) | 19 February – 20 March (2015, UTC) |
| Constellation | Pisces |
| Zodiac element | Water |
| Zodiac quality | Mutable |
| Sign ruler | Neptune and Jupiter |
| Detriment | Mercury |
| Exaltation | Venus |
| Fall | Mercury |
| |
Pisces (♓) (/ˈpaɪsiːz/,[1] pis'eez;[2] Ancient Greek: Ἰχθύες, "Ikhthues") is the twelfth astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the Pisces constellation. It spans the 330° to 360° of the zodiac, between 332.75° and 360° of celestial longitude. Under the tropical zodiac the suntransits this area on average between February 20 and March 20,[a][3] and under the sidereal zodiac, the sun transits this area between approximately March 14 and April 14. The symbol of the fish is derived from the ichthyocentaurs, who aided Aphrodite when she was born from the sea.[4]
According to new agers and some tropical astrologers, the current astrological age is the Age of Pisces,[5] while others maintain that it is the Age of Aquarius.
Contents
Background[edit]
See also: History of astrology
While the astrological sign Pisces per definition runs from elliptical longitude 330° to 0°,[6] this position is now mostly covered by the constellation of Aquarius, due to the precession from when the constellation and the sign coincided. Today, the First Point of Aries, or the vernal equinox is in thePisces constellation.[7][2] There are no prominent stars in the constellation,[2] with the brightest stars being of only fourth magnitude.[8] One star in the constellation, Alpha Piscium, is also known as Alrescha which comes from the Arabic الرشآء al-rišā’, meaning "the well rope,"[9] or "the cord."[8]Ptolemy described Alpha Piscium as the point where the cords joining the two fish are knotted together.[8] The astrological symbol shows the two fishes captured by a string,[10][11][12][13] typically by the mouth or the tails.[14] The fish are usually portrayed swimming in opposite directions; this represents the duality within the Piscean nature.[10][15] Although they appear as a pair, the name of the sign in all languages originally referred to only one fish with the exception of Greek.[16]
In Sidereal astrology, the sun currently transits the constellation of Pisces from approximately March 14 to April 14.[17] Individuals born during these dates, depending on which system of astrology they subscribe to, may be called "Pisceans."[18][1]
See also: History of astrology
While the astrological sign Pisces per definition runs from elliptical longitude 330° to 0°,[6] this position is now mostly covered by the constellation of Aquarius, due to the precession from when the constellation and the sign coincided. Today, the First Point of Aries, or the vernal equinox is in thePisces constellation.[7][2] There are no prominent stars in the constellation,[2] with the brightest stars being of only fourth magnitude.[8] One star in the constellation, Alpha Piscium, is also known as Alrescha which comes from the Arabic الرشآء al-rišā’, meaning "the well rope,"[9] or "the cord."[8]Ptolemy described Alpha Piscium as the point where the cords joining the two fish are knotted together.[8] The astrological symbol shows the two fishes captured by a string,[10][11][12][13] typically by the mouth or the tails.[14] The fish are usually portrayed swimming in opposite directions; this represents the duality within the Piscean nature.[10][15] Although they appear as a pair, the name of the sign in all languages originally referred to only one fish with the exception of Greek.[16]
In Sidereal astrology, the sun currently transits the constellation of Pisces from approximately March 14 to April 14.[17] Individuals born during these dates, depending on which system of astrology they subscribe to, may be called "Pisceans."[18][1]
Mythology[edit]
In early mythology[edit]
"Pisces" is the Latin word for "Fish."[20] It is one of the earliest zodiac signs on record, with the two fish appearing as far back as c. 2300BCE on an Egyptian coffin lid.[21]
According to one Greek myth, Pisces represents the fish into which Aphrodite (also considered Venus)[22] and her son Eros (also considered Cupid)[22] transformed in order to escape the monster Typhon.[2][23][20] Typhon, the "father of all monsters" had been sent byGaia to attack the gods, which led Pan to warn the others before himself changing into a goat-fish and jumping into the Euphrates.[8] A similar myth, one which the fish "Pisces" carry Aphrodite and her son out of danger, is resounded in Manilius' five volume poetic workAstronomica: "Venus ow'd her safety to their Shape."[22] Another myth is that an egg fell into the Euphrates river. It was then rolled to the shore by fish. Doves sat on the egg until it hatched, out from which came Aphrodite. As a sign of gratitude towards the fish, Aphrodite put the fish into the night sky.[8] Because of these myths, the Pisces constellation was also known as "Venus et Cupido," "Venus Syria cum Cupidine," Venus cum Adone," "Dione," and "Veneris Mater,"[22] the latter being the formal Latin term for mother.
The Greek myth on the origin of the sign of Pisces has been cited by English astrologer Richard James Morrison as an example of the fables that arose from the original astrological doctrine, and that the "original intent of [it] was afterwards corrupted both by poets and priests."[23]
"Pisces" is the Latin word for "Fish."[20] It is one of the earliest zodiac signs on record, with the two fish appearing as far back as c. 2300BCE on an Egyptian coffin lid.[21]
According to one Greek myth, Pisces represents the fish into which Aphrodite (also considered Venus)[22] and her son Eros (also considered Cupid)[22] transformed in order to escape the monster Typhon.[2][23][20] Typhon, the "father of all monsters" had been sent byGaia to attack the gods, which led Pan to warn the others before himself changing into a goat-fish and jumping into the Euphrates.[8] A similar myth, one which the fish "Pisces" carry Aphrodite and her son out of danger, is resounded in Manilius' five volume poetic workAstronomica: "Venus ow'd her safety to their Shape."[22] Another myth is that an egg fell into the Euphrates river. It was then rolled to the shore by fish. Doves sat on the egg until it hatched, out from which came Aphrodite. As a sign of gratitude towards the fish, Aphrodite put the fish into the night sky.[8] Because of these myths, the Pisces constellation was also known as "Venus et Cupido," "Venus Syria cum Cupidine," Venus cum Adone," "Dione," and "Veneris Mater,"[22] the latter being the formal Latin term for mother.
The Greek myth on the origin of the sign of Pisces has been cited by English astrologer Richard James Morrison as an example of the fables that arose from the original astrological doctrine, and that the "original intent of [it] was afterwards corrupted both by poets and priests."[23]
In modern mythology and religion[edit]
Purim, a Jewish holiday was set by the full moon in Pisces.[24] The story of the birth of Christ is said to be a result of the spring equinox entering into the Pisces, as the "Savior of the World" appeared as the Fisher of Men. This parallels the entering into the Age of Pisces.[25]
Purim, a Jewish holiday was set by the full moon in Pisces.[24] The story of the birth of Christ is said to be a result of the spring equinox entering into the Pisces, as the "Savior of the World" appeared as the Fisher of Men. This parallels the entering into the Age of Pisces.[25]
Astrological age[edit]
See also: Astrological age
An astrological age is a time period in astrology that parallels major changes in the development of Earth's inhabitants, particularly relating to culture, society and politics, and there are twelve astrological ages corresponding to the twelve zodiacal signs. Astrological ages occur because of a phenomenon known as the precession of the equinoxes, and one complete period of this precession is called a Great Year or Platonic Year[26] of about 25,920 years.
The age of Pisces began c. 1 AD and will end c. 2150 AD.[b] With the story of the birth of Christcoinciding with this date,[27] many Christian symbols for Christ use the astrological symbol for Pisces,[28] the fish.[29] The figure Christ himself bears many of the temperaments and personality traits of a Pisces,[30] and is thus considered an archetype of the Piscean.[31] Moreover, the twelve apostles were called the "fishers of men," early Christians called themselves "little fishes," and a code word for Jesus was the Greek word for fish, "Ikhthus."[29] With this, the start of the age, or the "Great Month of Pisces" is regarded as the beginning of the Christian religion.[32] Saint Peter is recognized as the apostle of the Piscean sign.[33]
Pisces has been called the "dying god," where its sign opposite in the night sky is Virgo, or, the Virgin Mary.[34] When Jesus was asked by his disciples where the next Passover would be, he replied to them:
This coincides with the changing of the ages, into the Age of Aquarius,[35] as the personification of the constellation of Aquarius is a man carrying pitchers of water.
See also: Astrological age
An astrological age is a time period in astrology that parallels major changes in the development of Earth's inhabitants, particularly relating to culture, society and politics, and there are twelve astrological ages corresponding to the twelve zodiacal signs. Astrological ages occur because of a phenomenon known as the precession of the equinoxes, and one complete period of this precession is called a Great Year or Platonic Year[26] of about 25,920 years.
The age of Pisces began c. 1 AD and will end c. 2150 AD.[b] With the story of the birth of Christcoinciding with this date,[27] many Christian symbols for Christ use the astrological symbol for Pisces,[28] the fish.[29] The figure Christ himself bears many of the temperaments and personality traits of a Pisces,[30] and is thus considered an archetype of the Piscean.[31] Moreover, the twelve apostles were called the "fishers of men," early Christians called themselves "little fishes," and a code word for Jesus was the Greek word for fish, "Ikhthus."[29] With this, the start of the age, or the "Great Month of Pisces" is regarded as the beginning of the Christian religion.[32] Saint Peter is recognized as the apostle of the Piscean sign.[33]
Pisces has been called the "dying god," where its sign opposite in the night sky is Virgo, or, the Virgin Mary.[34] When Jesus was asked by his disciples where the next Passover would be, he replied to them:
This coincides with the changing of the ages, into the Age of Aquarius,[35] as the personification of the constellation of Aquarius is a man carrying pitchers of water.
Associations[edit]
Astrologers believe that the date of a person's birth can affect their own lives and personalites. In terms of astrology and science, this belief is regarded as pseudoscience;[36][37][38] there is no scientific validity to astrology,[39] as predictions and personality assignments related to birth dates have not been demonstrated in controlled studies.[40] However, some continue to believe in its validity despite this.
In astrology, essential dignity is the strength of a planet or point's zodiac position, called by 17th-century astrologer William Lilly "the strength, fortitude or debility of the Planets [or] significators."[41]Traditionally there are five dignities: domicile and detriment, exaltation and fall, triplicity, terms, and face. However, the latter two have diminished in usage.
A planet's domicile is the zodiac sign over which it has rulership, and the rulers of Pisces,[42] or those associated with Pisceans, areJupiter,[43] Neptune,[44] and the moon.[45] In esoteric astrology, Venus was considered the ruler of Pisces, and prior to the discovery ofNeptune in 1846, Jupiter was said to rule Pisces. Neptune is mostly considered the ruling planet of Pisces today because of the association with the Roman god of water and the sea, Neptune.[46] The detriment, or the sign "opposite" to that which is deemed the ruling planet, isMercury.[47][44] Venus is exalted in Pisces,[48] while both Pluto and Mercury falls in Pisces.[47][44]
According to British astrologer Alan Leo, Pisces, along with Scorpio and Cancer, compose the triplicity[49] for water signs.[50][51][52][53][54] The mutability is key to the ever-changing element of water, found in several different forms, much like the transformative aspects of found in Christ and Piscean nature. Additionally, these three water signs are considered to be the most fruitful signs,[55][43] who serve a fertilizing function in nature.[56] He also groups Pisces under the "negative pole;"[3] naturally adept to the astral and psychic worlds.[57] This is resembled in the sign for Pisces (♓), which is composed of two half-circles and a band, signifying the dual nature of man in both the physical world and the unseen realm.[58][15] According to 20th century astrologer Robert Hand, the fish facing upwards away from the ecliptic is swimming towards the heavens, or is seeking spiritual illumination. The other fish swims along the ecliptic, concerning itself with material matters.[15] The sign modality for Pisces is mutable. It is part of the group of signs, with Gemini, Virgo, and Sagittarius known as the "mutable signs."
The last sign of the Zodiac, the Pisces symbol has been said to be a representation of the difficulty in extracting the good from that which appears bad.[59] The moral of the symbol for Pisces is said to be that "the severe season has passed; though your flocks, as yet, do not yield their store, the ocean and rivers are open to you, their inhabitants are placed within your power."[c][11][12][13] It is generally considered a feminine sign,[60][61][62] and colors that have been used to represent the Pisces sign are gray[3] or blue gray.[63] The body parts associated with Pisces are the feet,[50][52][64][65] or the toes.[66][67] Likewise, astrologists also associate various diseases of the body with the zodiac, and Pisces' diseases are those of the feet.[68][43] This includes gout,[69] lameness, distempers, and sores.[68] Excess of eating and drinking, as well as poisoning related to the consumption of fish and medicines are also shown in Pisces.[69]
Pisces is classified as a short ascension sign;[70] one which takes a shorter amount of time to ascend over the horizon than the other signs.[71] It is also one of the six southern signs,[54] because it is south of the celestial equator when the sun is in it. This results in it being seen in the winter sky in the northern hemisphere.[72] Pisces is also considered a bicorporeal or double-bodied sign,[54] as the astrological sign is composed of two fishes.[73]
Astrologers believe that the date of a person's birth can affect their own lives and personalites. In terms of astrology and science, this belief is regarded as pseudoscience;[36][37][38] there is no scientific validity to astrology,[39] as predictions and personality assignments related to birth dates have not been demonstrated in controlled studies.[40] However, some continue to believe in its validity despite this.
In astrology, essential dignity is the strength of a planet or point's zodiac position, called by 17th-century astrologer William Lilly "the strength, fortitude or debility of the Planets [or] significators."[41]Traditionally there are five dignities: domicile and detriment, exaltation and fall, triplicity, terms, and face. However, the latter two have diminished in usage.
A planet's domicile is the zodiac sign over which it has rulership, and the rulers of Pisces,[42] or those associated with Pisceans, areJupiter,[43] Neptune,[44] and the moon.[45] In esoteric astrology, Venus was considered the ruler of Pisces, and prior to the discovery ofNeptune in 1846, Jupiter was said to rule Pisces. Neptune is mostly considered the ruling planet of Pisces today because of the association with the Roman god of water and the sea, Neptune.[46] The detriment, or the sign "opposite" to that which is deemed the ruling planet, isMercury.[47][44] Venus is exalted in Pisces,[48] while both Pluto and Mercury falls in Pisces.[47][44]
According to British astrologer Alan Leo, Pisces, along with Scorpio and Cancer, compose the triplicity[49] for water signs.[50][51][52][53][54] The mutability is key to the ever-changing element of water, found in several different forms, much like the transformative aspects of found in Christ and Piscean nature. Additionally, these three water signs are considered to be the most fruitful signs,[55][43] who serve a fertilizing function in nature.[56] He also groups Pisces under the "negative pole;"[3] naturally adept to the astral and psychic worlds.[57] This is resembled in the sign for Pisces (♓), which is composed of two half-circles and a band, signifying the dual nature of man in both the physical world and the unseen realm.[58][15] According to 20th century astrologer Robert Hand, the fish facing upwards away from the ecliptic is swimming towards the heavens, or is seeking spiritual illumination. The other fish swims along the ecliptic, concerning itself with material matters.[15] The sign modality for Pisces is mutable. It is part of the group of signs, with Gemini, Virgo, and Sagittarius known as the "mutable signs."
The last sign of the Zodiac, the Pisces symbol has been said to be a representation of the difficulty in extracting the good from that which appears bad.[59] The moral of the symbol for Pisces is said to be that "the severe season has passed; though your flocks, as yet, do not yield their store, the ocean and rivers are open to you, their inhabitants are placed within your power."[c][11][12][13] It is generally considered a feminine sign,[60][61][62] and colors that have been used to represent the Pisces sign are gray[3] or blue gray.[63] The body parts associated with Pisces are the feet,[50][52][64][65] or the toes.[66][67] Likewise, astrologists also associate various diseases of the body with the zodiac, and Pisces' diseases are those of the feet.[68][43] This includes gout,[69] lameness, distempers, and sores.[68] Excess of eating and drinking, as well as poisoning related to the consumption of fish and medicines are also shown in Pisces.[69]
Pisces is classified as a short ascension sign;[70] one which takes a shorter amount of time to ascend over the horizon than the other signs.[71] It is also one of the six southern signs,[54] because it is south of the celestial equator when the sun is in it. This results in it being seen in the winter sky in the northern hemisphere.[72] Pisces is also considered a bicorporeal or double-bodied sign,[54] as the astrological sign is composed of two fishes.[73]
Personality[edit]
Western astrologers assert that Pisceans are perceptive, emotional,[45][74] and receptive.[75][75]Notorious for being highly sensitive,[76][66][77] they are also said to be desperately afraid of ridicule,[76] as the sign is deemed "unfortunate."[66][78][43] Pisces are a mutable sign, which makes them receptive, and susceptible to change.[50][79] As a bicorporeal sign, astrologists believe that events in Pisceans lives are prominently repeated, suggesting that they may marry several times and that misfortunes never come singly. However according to astrologer Max Heindel, the Piscean's "good fortune also comes in multiple."[73]
Conforming to the traditional astrological belief of the dual nature of the Piscean, in part seeking enlightenment in the "unseen realm,"[58]they are said to be "dreamy, mystical, and artistic."[80][81] Edgar Cayce, an alleged psychic, has been cited as an example of such a Piscean.[80] It is also been said that Pisceans are the quietest among the twelve zodiacal signs, and that they are good workers.[81] In line with their association with feet, Pisceans have been described as being "never quite satisfied when sitting," preferring to be standing or walking.[81]
Western astrologers assert that Pisceans are perceptive, emotional,[45][74] and receptive.[75][75]Notorious for being highly sensitive,[76][66][77] they are also said to be desperately afraid of ridicule,[76] as the sign is deemed "unfortunate."[66][78][43] Pisces are a mutable sign, which makes them receptive, and susceptible to change.[50][79] As a bicorporeal sign, astrologists believe that events in Pisceans lives are prominently repeated, suggesting that they may marry several times and that misfortunes never come singly. However according to astrologer Max Heindel, the Piscean's "good fortune also comes in multiple."[73]
Conforming to the traditional astrological belief of the dual nature of the Piscean, in part seeking enlightenment in the "unseen realm,"[58]they are said to be "dreamy, mystical, and artistic."[80][81] Edgar Cayce, an alleged psychic, has been cited as an example of such a Piscean.[80] It is also been said that Pisceans are the quietest among the twelve zodiacal signs, and that they are good workers.[81] In line with their association with feet, Pisceans have been described as being "never quite satisfied when sitting," preferring to be standing or walking.[81]
Compatibility[edit]
Influence[edit]
In the arts[edit]
Venus exalted in Pisces is representative of divine love in the first canto of Dante's Purgatorio.[84]Pisces is the subject of Luca Della Robbia's 15th century Plate with the Month of February.[85] They are also the subject of one of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's poetic works:[86]
Venus exalted in Pisces is representative of divine love in the first canto of Dante's Purgatorio.[84]Pisces is the subject of Luca Della Robbia's 15th century Plate with the Month of February.[85] They are also the subject of one of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's poetic works:[86]
Modern arts[edit]
In the January 1970 edition of the Avengers (No. 72), the supervillain group Zodiac introduced the member "Pisces" whose abilities allowed him to live underwater, which included fins, scales, and gills.[87]
In the 1979 sports fantasy film The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh, the fictitious basketball team the "Pittsburgh Pythons" turn to astrology after a continuous losing streak, and fill the roster with players born under the astrological sign of Pisces. They are reborn as the "Pittsburgh Pisces" and enter into a championship.[88]
In the popular web comic Homestuck, Feferi Peixes is based off of, (and happens to wear) the symbol for Pisces. She is a rare seadweller, a race of alien 'trolls', who can swim and breath underwater. She also has gills/fins, like a fish.
In the January 1970 edition of the Avengers (No. 72), the supervillain group Zodiac introduced the member "Pisces" whose abilities allowed him to live underwater, which included fins, scales, and gills.[87]
In the 1979 sports fantasy film The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh, the fictitious basketball team the "Pittsburgh Pythons" turn to astrology after a continuous losing streak, and fill the roster with players born under the astrological sign of Pisces. They are reborn as the "Pittsburgh Pisces" and enter into a championship.[88]
In the popular web comic Homestuck, Feferi Peixes is based off of, (and happens to wear) the symbol for Pisces. She is a rare seadweller, a race of alien 'trolls', who can swim and breath underwater. She also has gills/fins, like a fish.
Gallery[edit]
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See also[edit]
| Nakshatras |
|---|
Nakshatra (Sanskrit: नक्षत्र, IAST: Nakṣatra) is the term for lunar mansion in Hindu astrology. A nakshatra is one of 27 (sometimes also 28) sectors along the ecliptic. Their names are related to the most prominent asterisms in the respective sectors.
The starting point for the nakshatras is the point on the ecliptic directly opposite to the starSpica called Chitrā in Sanskrit (other slightly different definitions exist). It is called Meshādi or the "start of Aries".[citation needed] The ecliptic is divided into each of the nakshatras eastwards starting from this point. The number of nakshatras reflects the number of days in a sidereal month (modern value: 27.32 days), the width of a nakshatra traversed by the moon in about one day. Each nakshatra is further subdivided into four quarters (or padas). These play a role in popular Hindu astrology, where each pada is associated with a syllable, conventionally chosen as the first syllable of the given name of a child born when the moon was in the corresponding pada.
The nakshatras of traditional bhartiya astronomy are based on a list of 28 asterisms found in the Atharvaveda(AVŚ 19.7) and also in the Shatapatha Brahmana.[citation needed] The first astronomical text that lists them is theVedanga Jyotisha.
In classical Hindu mythology (Mahabharata, Harivamsa), the creation of the nakshatras is attributed to Daksha. They are personified as daughters of the deity and as mythological wives of Chandra, the moon god, or alternatively the daughters of Kashyapa, the brother of Daksha.[1]
Each of the nakshatras is governed as 'lord' by one of the nine graha in the following sequence: Ketu (South Lunar Node), Shukra (Venus), Ravi or Surya (Sun), Chandra (Moon), Mangala (Mars), Rahu (North Lunar Node), Guru or Brihaspati (Jupiter), Shani (Saturn) and Budha (Mercury). This cycle repeats itself three times to cover all 27 nakshatras. The lord of each nakshatra determines the planetary period known as the dasha, which is considered of major importance in forecasting the life path of the individual in Hindu astrology.
In Vedic Sanskrit, the term nákṣatra may refer to any heavenly body, or to "the stars" collectively. The classical sense of "lunar mansion" is first found in the Atharvaveda, and becomes the primary meaning of the term inClassical Sanskrit.
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Nakshatras in the Atharvaveda[edit]
In the Atharvaveda (Shaunakiya recension, hymn 19.7) a list of 28 stars or asterisms is given, many of them corresponding to the later nakshatras:
(1) Kṛttikā (the Pleiads), (2) Rohinī, (3) Mrigashīrsha, (4) Ārdrā, (5) Punarvasu, (6) Sūnritā, (7) Pushya, (8) Bhanu (the Sun), (9) Asleshā, (10) Maghā, (11) Svāti (Arcturus), (12) Chitrā (Spica), (13) Phalgunis, (14) Hasta, (15) Rādhas, (16) Vishākhā, (17) Anurādhā, (18)Jyeshthā, (19) Mūla, (20) Ashādhas, (21) Abhijit, (22) Sravana, (23) Sravishthās, (24) Satabhishak, (25) Proshtha-padas, (26) Revati, (27) Asvayujas, (28) Bharani. [2] Interestingly enough, the term "nakshatra" has a different meaning as demonstrated in the "Surya Siddhanta" which is an ancient text on astronomy. In the early chapters, the author, Mayasura or Mayan, describes various time units. He writes that a "prana" is a duration of 4 seconds. He then continues with a discussion of a number of time units with progressively long durations made up of the shorter time units all composed of a number of pranas. Amongst those time units are something he calls "nakshatra." For example, there are 15 pranas in a minute; 900 pranas in an hour; 21600 pranas in a day, 583,200 pranas in a nakshatra (month). According to Mayan, a nakshatra is a time unit with a duration of 27 days. This 27 day time cycle has been taken to mean a particular group of stars. The relationship to the stars really has to do with the periodicity with which the moon travels over time and through space past the field of the specific stars called nakshatras. Hence, the stars are more like numbers on a clock through which the hands of time pass (the moon). This concept that nakshatra means a time unit has been lost and diverted to meaning a set of stars in the sky. This concept was discovered by Dr. Jessie Mercay in her research on Surya Siddhanta. It is documented in a textbook called "Fundamentals of Mamuni Mayans Vaastu Shastras, Building Architecture of Sthapatya Veda and Traditional Indian architecture." (Mercay, 2006 - 2012, AUM Science and Technology publishers)
List of Nakshatras[edit]
The classical list of 27 nakshatras is first found in the Vedanga Jyotisha, a text dated to the final centuries BCE. The nakshatra system predates the influence of Hellenistic astronomy on vedic tradition, which became prevalent from about the 2nd century CE.
In Hindu astronomy, there was an older tradition of 28 Nakshatras which were used as celestial markers in the heavens. When these were mapped into equal divisions of the ecliptic, a division of 27 portions was adopted since that resulted in a cleaner definition of each portion (i.e. segment) subtending 13° 20' (as opposed to 12° 51 3/7’ in the case of 28 segments). In the process, the Nakshatra Abhijit was left out without a portion.[3]:179 The Surya Siddhantha concisely specifies the coordinates of the twenty seven Nakshatras[3]:211
The following list of nakshatras gives the corresponding regions of sky, following Basham.[4]
| No. | Name | Associated stars | Description | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ashvini "wife of the Ashvins" | β and γ Arietis |
|  |
| 2; 7 | Bharani "the bearer" | 35, 39, and 41Arietis |
| |
| 3 | Krittika an old name of the Pleiades; personified as the nurses of Kārttikeya, a son of Shiva. | Pleiades |  | |
| 4; 9 | Rohini "the red one", a name of Aldebaran. Also known as brāhmī | Aldebaran |
| |
| 5; 3 | Mrigashīrsha "the deer's head". Also known as āgrahāyaṇī | λ, φ Orionis |  | |
| 6; 4 | Ardra "the moist one" | Betelgeuse |
| |
| 7; 5 | Punarvasu (dual) "the two restorers of goods", also known asyamakau "the two chariots" | Castor and Pollux |
|  |
| 8; 6 | Pushya "the nourisher", also known as sidhya or tiṣya | γ, δ and θ Cancri |  | |
| 9; 7 | Āshleshā "the embrace" | δ, ε, η, ρ, and σHydrae |
|  |
| 10; 15 | Maghā "the bountiful" | Regulus |
|  |
| 11 | Pūrva Phalgunī "first reddish one" | δ and θ Leonis |
| |
| 12 | Uttara Phalgunī "second reddish one" | Denebola |
| |
| 13 | Hasta "the hand" | α, β, γ, δ and εCorvi |  | |
| 14 | Chitra "the bright one", a name of Spica | Spica |
|  |
| 15 | Svāti "Su-Ati (sanskrit) Very good" name of Arcturus | Arcturus |
|  |
| 16; 14 | Visakha "forked, having branches"; also known asrādhā "the gift" | α, β, γ and ι Librae |  | |
| 17 | Anuradha "following rādhā" | β, δ and πScorpionis |
|  |
| 18; 16 | Jyeshtha "the eldest, most excellent" | α, σ, and τScorpionis |
|  |
| 19; 17 | Mula "the root" | ε, ζ, η, θ, ι, κ, λ, μand ν Scorpionis |
| |
| 20; 18 | Purva Ashadha "first of the aṣāḍhā", aṣāḍhā "the invincible one" being the name of a constellation | δ and ε Sagittarii |
|  |
| 21 | Uttara Ashadha "second of the aṣāḍhā" | ζ and σ Sagittarii |
| |
| 22; 20 | Abhijit "victorious"[5] | α, ε and ζ Lyrae -Vega | Lord: Brahma | |
| 23; 20 | Sravana | α, β and γ Aquilae |
|  |
| 24; 21; 23 | Dhanishta "most famous", also Shravishthā "swiftest" | α to δ Delphini |
|  |
| 24; 22 | Shatabhisha "Comprising a hundred physicians" | γ Aquarii |
|  |
| 25; 3 | Purva Bhadrapada "the first of the blessed feet" | α and β Pegasi |
|  |
| 26; 4 | Uttara Bhādrapadā "the second of the blessed feet" | γ Pegasi and αAndromedae |
| .png) |
| 27; 5 | Revati "prosperous" | ζ Piscium |
|  |
Padas (quarters)[edit]
Each of the 27 Nakshatras cover 13°20’ of the ecliptic each. Each Nakshatra is also divided into quarters or padas of 3°20’, and the below table lists the appropriate starting sound to name the child. The 27 nakshatras, each with 4 padas, give 108, which is the number of beads in a japa mala, indicating all the elements (ansh) of Vishnu:
| # | Name | Pada 1 | Pada 2 | Pada 3 | Pada 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ashwini (अश्विनि) | चु Chu | चे Che | चो Cho | ला La |
| 2 | Bharani (भरणी) | ली Li | लू Lu | ले Le | लो Lo |
| 3 | Kritika (कृत्तिका) | अ A | ई I | उ U | ए E |
| 4 | Rohini(रोहिणी) | ओ O | वा Va/Ba | वी Vi/Bi | वु Vu/Bu |
| 5 | Mrigashīrsha(म्रृगशीर्षा) | वे Ve/Be | वो Vo/Bo | का Ka | की Ke |
| 6 | Ārdrā (आर्द्रा) | कु Ku | घ Gha | ङ Ng/Na | छ Chha |
| 7 | Punarvasu (पुनर्वसु) | के Ke | को Ko | हा Ha | ही Hi |
| 8 | Pushya (पुष्य) | हु Hu | हे He | हो Ho | ड Da |
| 9 | Āshleshā (आश्लेषा) | डी Di | डू Du | डे De | डो Do |
| 10 | Maghā (मघा) | मा Ma | मी Mi | मू Mu | मे Me |
| 11 | Pūrva or Pūrva Phalgunī (पूर्व फाल्गुनी) | नो Mo | टा Ta | टी Ti | टू Tu |
| 12 | Uttara or Uttara Phalgunī (उत्तर फाल्गुनी) | टे Te | टो To | पा Pa | पी Pi |
| 13 | Hasta (हस्त) | पू Pu | ष Sha | ण Na | ठ Tha |
| 14 | Chitra (चित्रा) | पे Pe | पो Po | रा Ra | री Ri |
| 15 | Svātī (स्वाति) | रू Ru | रे Re | रो Ro | ता Ta |
| 16 | Viśākhā (विशाखा) | ती Ti | तू Tu | ते Te | तो To |
| 17 | Anurādhā (अनुराधा) | ना Na | नी Ni | नू Nu | ने Ne |
| 18 | Jyeshtha (ज्येष्ठा) | नो No | या Ya | यी Yi | यू Yu |
| 19 | Mula (मूल) | ये Ye | यो Yo | भा Bha | भी Bhi |
| 20 | Pūrva Ashādhā (पूर्वाषाढ़ा) | भू Bhu | धा Dha | फा Bha/Pha | ढा Dha |
| 21 | Uttara Aṣāḍhā (उत्तराषाढ़ा) | भे Bhe | भो Bho | जा Ja | जी Ji |
| 22 | Śrāvaṇa (श्रावण) | खी Ju/Khi | खू Je/Khu | खे Jo/Khe | खो Gha/Kho |
| 23 | Śrāviṣṭha (श्रविष्ठा) or Dhanishta | गा Ga | गी Gi | गु Gu | गे Ge |
| 24 | Shatabhisha (शतभिषा)or Śatataraka | गो Go | सा Sa | सी Si | सू Su |
| 25 | Pūrva Bhādrapadā (पूर्वभाद्रपदा) | से Se | सो So | दा Da | दी Di |
| 26 | Uttara Bhādrapadā (उत्तरभाद्रपदा) | दू Du | थ Tha | झ Jha | ञ Da/Tra |
| 27 | Revati (रेवती) | दे De | दो Do | च Cha | ची Chi |
Use in astrology[edit]
Hindu given names[edit]
Hindu astrologers (see Jyotisha) teach that when a child is born, they should be given an auspicious first name which will correspond to the child's Nakshatra. The technique for deducing the name is to see which nakshatra the moon is in at the moment of birth; this gives four possible sounds. A refinement is to pick one sound out of that four that relates to the Pada or division of the Nakshatra. Each Nakshatra has four Padas and four sounds and each Pada is of equal width. The Moon remains in each Nakshatra for approximately one day.
A further refinement or opportunity is to instead use the Nakshatra that the ascendent resides in at birth. The same broad choice of sounds and Padas apply, but now the sounds change roughly every 15 minutes. The ascendent passes through all 27 Nakshatras every 24 hours, being in each one for 53 and a third minutes of time, and is in a Pada for 13 and a third minutes of time. By using the ascendent's nakshatra, instead of the moon's nakshatra leads more to comfort of the Self, rather than comfort of the mother. This second approach is only really applicable if intuitively the moon approach does not feel right.
Electional astrology[edit]
Constellations are grouped on the basis of their nature, type of their face, degree of their beneficence, their quarters in different signs, with reference to the constellation occupied by the Sun, with reference to the birth constellation (Janma Nakshatra), their caste, etc. The current constellation occupied by the Moon, and its nature forms the fundamental of Vedic system of electional astrology (Muhurta). Some of the activities and works which are associated with the Nakshatras are given below based on their fundamental nature:
- Fixed (Dhruva, Sthira) constellations:
Rohini, Uttara Bhādrapadā, Uttra Falguni, and Uttara Ashada
Fixed and permanent nature, house, village, temple, entering in new hose-city-temple, religious works, rites for getting peace, propitiation of portents, Vinayaka Shanti, coronation, sowing of seeds, planting of small garden, starting of vocal music, friendship, sexual works, making & wearing of ornaments & clothes may be auspiciously begun / effectively performed. Works allocated to delicate & friendly (Mridu) asterisms may also be performed.
- Movable (Chala , Chara) constellations:
Punarvasu, Swaati, Sharavana, Shatabhishā & Shravishthā
Related to motion & movement, riding on a vehicle or elephant, opening of shop, walking first time, walking in garden, sex, making jewellery, learning of a trait. Things performed in Small (Laghu) constellation are also effectively performed in the Movable constellations.
- Cruel (Ugra, Karur) constellations:
Magha, Bharani, Porva Palguni, Poorva Shada, & Poorva Bhadra.
Ambush, burning, poisoning (self & others), making & using weapons especially related to fire, cheating / deception / wickedness / craftiness, cutting & destroying, controlling of animals, beating & punishing of enemy. Works allocated to Sharp / Horrible (Darun) asterisms are also successfully done in these asterisms.
- Mixed (Mishra & Sadharan) constellations
Vishakha & Krittika.
Fire works, burning of sacred fire (Agnihotra), using poison, fearsome works, arresting, adulteration (mixing), donation of ox to get one’s desires fulfilled (Vrashotsarga). Works prescribed under cruel (Ugra, Karur) constellations may also be performed. As per N.S. works of Sweet / delicate & friendly (Mridu & Maitri) constellations can also be included.
- Small (Laghu & Kshipra) constellations
Hasta, Abhijit, Pushya, and Ashvini.
Selling, medical knowledge, using & handling of medicines, literature-music-art, the 64 Kala Shilpa (various arts, sculpture etc.) jewellery making & wearing, sexual intercourse. And the works prescribed for Movable (Char) constellations. Though Abhijit is included in Small group of asterisms, but is rarely referred in the Muhurt prescriptions.
- Sweet/Delicate & Friendly (Mridu & Maitri) constellations
Mrigashīrsha, Chitra, Anuradha and Revati.
Starting & learning singing of songs, clothes & jewellery making & wearing, Manglik works, matter related to friends, female company, enjoyments, sexual passions.
- Sharp & Horrible ( Teekshan & Darun ) constellations:
Jyeshta, Ardra, Ashlesha, and Moola
Charm or spell causing disease or death, hypnotism, sorcery; ghost, ambush, horror, murder, capture, matters related to secrecy, backbiting, starting of quarrel, separation, matters related to friendship & breaking thereof, training & tying of animals, pleasure works, playing games, getting made & wearing of new dress & ornaments, starting & learning singing of songs, entering into village / city, peaceful & developmental works.
Names in modern languages[edit]
The names of nakshatras in other languages are adapted from the Sanskrit variation (apabhramsa) through Pali or Prakrit. The variations evolved for easier pronunciation in popular usage.
| # | Sanskrit | Bengali name নক্ষত্র | Malayalam name മലയാളം | Tamil name தமிழ் | Telugu name తెలుగు | Kannada name ಕನ್ನಡ | Western star name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Aśvinī अश्विनी | Aśvinī অশ্বিনী | Ashvati അശ്വതി | Aswini அஸ்வினி | Aśvinī అశ్విని | Aśvinī ಅಶ್ವಿನಿ | β and γ Arietis |
| 2 | Bharaṇī भरणी | Bharaṇī ভরণী | Bharaṇi ഭരണി | Baraṇi பரணி | Bharaṇi భరణి | Bharaṇi ಭರಣಿ | 35, 39, and 41 Arietis |
| 3 | Kṛttikā कृत्तिका | Kṛttikā কৃত্তিকা | Kārttika കാർത്തിക | Kārthikai கார்த்திகை | Kṛttika కృత్తిక | Kruthike ಕೃತಿಕೆ | Pleiades |
| 4 | Rohiṇī रोहिणी | Rohiṇī রোহিণী | Rōhiṇi രോഹിണി | Rōhiṇi ரோகிணி | Rōhiṇi రోహిణి | Rōhiṇi ರೋಹಿಣಿ | Aldebaran |
| 5 | Mṛgaśiras म्रृगशीर्षा | Mṛgaśiras মৃগশিরা | Makayiram മകയിരം | Mirugasīridam மிருகசீரிடம் | Mṛgaśira మృగశిర | Mṛgaśira ಮೃಗಶಿರ | λ, φ Orionis |
| 6 | Ārdrā आद्रा | Ārdrā আর্দ্রা | Ātira or Tiruvātira ആതിര (തിരുവാതിര) | Thiruvādhirai திருவாதிரை | Arudra ఆరుద్ర | Aridra ಆರಿದ್ರ | Betelgeuse |
| 7 | Punarvasu पुनर्वसु | Punarvasu পুনর্বসু | Puṇartam പുണർതം | Punarpoosam புனர்பூசம் | Punarvasu పునర్వసు | Punarvasu ಪುನರ್ವಸು | Castor and Pollux |
| 8 | Puṣya पुष्य | Puṣya পুষ্যা (তিষ্যা) | Pūyam പൂയം | Poosam பூசம் | Puṣyami పుష్యమి | Puṣya ಪುಷ್ಯ | γ, δ and θ Cancri |
| 9 | Aśleṣā आश्ळेषा / आश्लेषा | Aśleṣā অশ্লেষা | Āyilyam ആയില്യം | Ayilyam ஆயில்யம் | Aśleṣa ఆశ్లేష | Aśleṣa ಆಶ್ಲೇಷ | δ, ε, η, ρ, and σ Hydrae |
| 10 | Maghā मघा | Maghā মঘা | Makam മകം | Magam மகம் | Makha or Magha మఖ or మాఘ | Makha ಮಖ | Regulus |
| 11 | Pūrva or Pūrva Phalguṇī पूर्व फाल्गुनी | Pūrva or Pūrva Phalguṇī পূর্ব ফল্গুনী | Pūram പൂരം | Pooram பூரம் | Pūrva Phalguṇī or Pubba పూర్వా ఫల్గుణి or పుబ్బ | Pubba ಪುಬ್ಬ, ಪೂರ್ವ-ಫಲ್ಗುಣಿ | δ and θ Leonis |
| 12 | Uttara or Uttara Phalguṇī उत्तर फाल्गुनी | Uttara or Uttara Phalguṇī উত্তর ফল্গুনী | Utram ഉത്രം | Uthiram உத்திரம் | Uttara Phalguṇi or Uttara ఉత్తర ఫల్గుణి or ఉత్తర | Utthara ಉತ್ತರ, ಉತ್ತರ-ಫಲ್ಗುಣಿ | Denebola |
| 13 | Hasta हस्त | Hasta হস্তা | Attam അത്തം | Astham அஸ்தம் | Hasta హస్త | Hasta ಹಸ್ತ | α, β, γ, δ and ε Corvi |
| 14 | Citrā चित्रा14 | Citrā চিত্রা | Chittira (Chitra) ചിത്തിര (ചിത്ര) | Chithirai சித்திரை | Cittā or Citrā చిత్తా or చిత్రా | Citta ಚಿತ್ತ | Spica |
| 15 | Svāti स्वाति | Svāti স্বাতী | Chōti ചോതി | Swathi சுவாதி | Svāti స్వాతి | Svāti ಸ್ವಾತಿ | Arcturus |
| 16 | Viśākha विशाखा | Viśākha বিশাখা | Vishākham വിശാഖം | Visakam விசாகம் | Viśākha విశాఖ | Viśākhe ವಿಶಾಖೆ | α, β, γ and ι Librae |
| 17 | Anurādhā अनुराधा | Anurādhā অনুরাধা | Anizham അനിഴം | Anusham அனுஷம் | Anurādhā అనూరాధ | Anurādhā ಅನುರಾಧ | β, δ and π Scorpionis |
| 18 | Jyeṣṭha ज्येष्ठा | Jyeṣṭha জ্যেষ্ঠা | Kēṭṭa (Trikkēṭṭa) കേട്ട (തൃക്കേട്ട) | Kettai கேட்டை | Jyeṣṭha జ్యేష్ఠ | Jyeṣṭha ಜ್ಯೇಷ್ಠ | α, σ, and τ Scorpionis |
| 19 | Mūla मूल/मूळ | Mūla মূলা | Mūlam മൂലം | Mūlam மூலம் | Mūla మూల | Mūla ಮೂಲ | ε, ζ, η, θ, ι, κ, λ, μ and νScorpionis |
| 20 | Pūrvāṣāḍha पूर्वाषाढा | Pūrvāṣāḍha পূর্বাষাঢ়া | Pūrāṭam പൂരാടം | Pūradam பூராடம் | Pūrvāṣāḍha పూర్వాషాఢ | Pūrvāṣāḍha ಪೂರ್ವಾಷಾಢ | δ and ε Sagittarii |
| 21 | Uttarāṣāḍha उत्तराषाढा | Uttarāṣāḍha উত্তরাষাঢ়া | Utrāṭam ഉത്രാടം | Uthirādam உத்திராடம் | Uttarāṣāḍha ఉత్తరాషాఢ | Uttarāṣāḍha ಉತ್ತರಾಷಾಢ | ζ and σ Sagittarii |
| 22 | Śravaṇa श्रवण | Śravaṇa শ্রবণা | Tiruvōnam ഓണം (തിരുവോണം) | Tiruvōnam திருவோணம் | Śravaṇaṁ శ్రవణం | Śravaṇa ಶ್ರವಣ | α, β and γ Aquilae |
| 23 | Śraviṣṭhā orDhaniṣṭha श्रविष्ठा or धनिष्ठा | Śraviṣṭhā orDhaniṣṭha ধনিষ্ঠা (শ্রবিষ্ঠা) | Aviṭṭam അവിട്ടം | Aviṭṭam அவிட்டம் | Dhaniṣṭha ధనిష్ఠ | Dhaniṣṭha ಧನಿಷ್ಠ | α to δ Delphinus |
| 24 | Śatabhiṣak or Śatatārakā शतभिषक् / शततारका | Śatabhiṣak or Śatatārakā শতভিষা | Chatayam ചതയം | Sadayam சதயம் | Śatabhiṣaṁ శతభిషం | Śatabhiṣa ಶತಭಿಷ | γ Aquarii |
| 25 | Pūrva Bhādrapadā पूर्वभाद्रपदा / पूर्वप्रोष्ठपदा | Pūrva Bhādrapadā পূর্ব ভাদ্রপদ | Pūruruṭṭāti പൂരുരുട്ടാതി | Pūraṭṭādhi பூரட்டாதி | Pūrvābhādra పూర్వాభాద్ర | Pūrvābhādra ಪೂರ್ವಾ ಭಾದ್ರ | α and β Pegasi |
| 26 | Uttara Bhādrapadā उत्तरभाद्रपदा / उत्तरप्रोष्ठपदा | Uttara Bhādrapadā উত্তর ভাদ্রপদ | Uttṛṭṭāti ഉത്രട്ടാതി | Uttṛṭṭādhi உத்திரட்டாதி | Uttarābhādra ఉత్తరాభాద్ర | Uttarābhādra ಉತ್ತರಾ ಭಾದ್ರ | γ Pegasi and αAndromedae |
| 27 | Revatī रेवती | Revatī রেবতী | Rēvati രേവതി | Rēvathi ரேவதி | Rēvati రేవతి | Rēvati ರೇವತಿ | ζ Piscium |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Mythology of the Hindus, by Charles Coleman p.131
- ^ trans. Ralph T.H. Griffith, Hymns of the Atharva Veda, 1895[]. Original text via GRETIL from Gli inni dell’ Atharvaveda (Saunaka), trasliterazione a cura di Chatia Orlandi, Pisa 1991, collated with the ed. R. Roth and W.D. Whitney: Atharva Veda Sanhita, Berlin 1856.
- citrā́ṇi sākáṃ diví rocanā́ni sarīsr̥pā́ṇi bhúvane javā́ni | turmíśaṃ sumatím ichámāno áhāni gīrbhíḥ saparyāmi nā́kam
- suhávam agne kŕ̥ttikā róhiṇī cā́stu bhadráṃ mr̥gáśiraḥ śám ārdrā́ | púnarvasū sūnŕ̥tā cā́ru púṣyo bhānúr āśleṣā́ áyanaṃ maghā́ me
- púṇyaṃ pū́rvā phálgunyau cā́tra hástaś citrā́ śivā́ svātí sukhó me astu | rā́dhe viśā́khe suhávānurādhā́ jyéṣṭhā sunákṣatram áriṣṭa mū́lam
- ánnaṃ pū́rvā rāsatāṃ me aṣādhā́ ū́rjaṃ devy úttarā ā́ vahantu | abhijín me rāsatāṃ púṇyam evá śrávaṇaḥ śráviṣṭhāḥ kurvatāṃ supuṣṭím
- ā́ me mahác chatábhiṣag várīya ā́ me dvayā́ próṣṭhapadā suśárma | ā́ revátī cāśvayújau bhágaṃ ma ā́ me rayíṃ bháraṇya ā́ vahantu
- ^ a b Burgess, Ebenezer (1858). Translation of the Surya Siddhantha, a Textbook of Hindu Astronomy. The American Oriental Society.
- ^ Arthur Llewellyn Basham, Indian Astronomy[year needed] Appendix: Astronomy.[page needed]
- ^ Its longitude starts from 06° 40' to 10° 53' 40 in sidereal Capricorn i.e. from the last quarter of Uttra Ashadha to first 1/15 th part of Shravana.[citation needed] Its span is 4° 13' 40.[citation needed] The span of 27 mean daily lunar motions totals 355.76167 degrees, and together these total 359.98945 degrees. Considered an "intercalary" lunar mansion.[citation needed]
- ^ Mythology of the Hindus, by Charles Coleman p.131
- ^ trans. Ralph T.H. Griffith, Hymns of the Atharva Veda, 1895[]. Original text via GRETIL from Gli inni dell’ Atharvaveda (Saunaka), trasliterazione a cura di Chatia Orlandi, Pisa 1991, collated with the ed. R. Roth and W.D. Whitney: Atharva Veda Sanhita, Berlin 1856.
- citrā́ṇi sākáṃ diví rocanā́ni sarīsr̥pā́ṇi bhúvane javā́ni | turmíśaṃ sumatím ichámāno áhāni gīrbhíḥ saparyāmi nā́kam
- suhávam agne kŕ̥ttikā róhiṇī cā́stu bhadráṃ mr̥gáśiraḥ śám ārdrā́ | púnarvasū sūnŕ̥tā cā́ru púṣyo bhānúr āśleṣā́ áyanaṃ maghā́ me
- púṇyaṃ pū́rvā phálgunyau cā́tra hástaś citrā́ śivā́ svātí sukhó me astu | rā́dhe viśā́khe suhávānurādhā́ jyéṣṭhā sunákṣatram áriṣṭa mū́lam
- ánnaṃ pū́rvā rāsatāṃ me aṣādhā́ ū́rjaṃ devy úttarā ā́ vahantu | abhijín me rāsatāṃ púṇyam evá śrávaṇaḥ śráviṣṭhāḥ kurvatāṃ supuṣṭím
- ā́ me mahác chatábhiṣag várīya ā́ me dvayā́ próṣṭhapadā suśárma | ā́ revátī cāśvayújau bhágaṃ ma ā́ me rayíṃ bháraṇya ā́ vahantu
- ^ a b Burgess, Ebenezer (1858). Translation of the Surya Siddhantha, a Textbook of Hindu Astronomy. The American Oriental Society.
- ^ Arthur Llewellyn Basham, Indian Astronomy[year needed] Appendix: Astronomy.[page needed]
- ^ Its longitude starts from 06° 40' to 10° 53' 40 in sidereal Capricorn i.e. from the last quarter of Uttra Ashadha to first 1/15 th part of Shravana.[citation needed] Its span is 4° 13' 40.[citation needed] The span of 27 mean daily lunar motions totals 355.76167 degrees, and together these total 359.98945 degrees. Considered an "intercalary" lunar mansion.[citation needed]