Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī (Persian: محمد زکریای رازی‎ Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzi, also known by hisLatinized name Rhazes or Rasis) (854 CE – 925 CE), was a Persian ^[3][4] polymath, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher and important figure in the history of medicine and as the discoverer of alcohol and vitriol (sulfuric acid) is well known.^[5][6]

Being endowed by nature with a comprehensive mind, Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to various fields of science, which he recorded in over 200 manuscripts, and is particularly remembered for numerous advances in medicine through own observations and discoveries.^[7] An early proponent ofexperimental medicine, he became a successful doctor; was appointed a court physician, and served as chief physician of Baghdad and Rey hospitals.^[2][8] He was among the first to use Humoralism to distinguish one contagious disease from another and has been described as doctor's doctor,^[9] the father of pediatrics,^[10] and a pioneer of ophthalmology.

As a practicing physician, Razi wrote a pioneering book about smallpox and measles providing clinical characterization of the diseases.^[11] Through translation, his medical works and ideas became known among medieval European practitioners and profoundly influenced medical education in the Latin West.^[2] Some volumes of his work Al-Mansuri, namely "On Surgery" and "A General Book on Therapy", became part of the medical curriculum in Western universities.^[2] As a teacher of medicine, he attracted students of all backgrounds and interests and was said to be compassionate and devoted to the service of his patients, whether rich or poor.^[12] Edward Granville Browne considers him as "probably the greatest and most original of all the physicians, and one of the most prolific as an author.^[13]

Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (Arabic: أبو يوسف يعقوب بن إسحاق الصبّاح الكندي‎, Latin:Alkindus) (c. 801–873 CE), known as "the Philosopher of the Arabs", was an Iraqi Muslim Arab philosopher,mathematician, physician, and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers, and is unanimously hailed as the "father of Islamic or Arabic philosophy"^[2][3][4] for his synthesis, adaptation and promotion of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy in the Muslim world.^[5]

Al-Kindi was a descendant of the Kinda tribe. He was born and educated in Basra,^[6] before going to pursue further studies in Baghdad. Al-Kindi became a prominent figure in the House of Wisdom, and a number ofAbbasid Caliphs appointed him to oversee the translation of Greek scientific and philosophical texts into theArabic language. This contact with "the philosophy of the ancients" (as Greek philosophy was often referred to by Muslim scholars) had a profound effect on his intellectual development, and led him to write hundreds of original treatises of his own on a range of subjects ranging from metaphysics, ethics, logic and psychology, tomedicine, pharmacology,^[7] mathematics, astronomy, astrology and optics, and further afield to more practical topics like perfumes, swords, jewels, glass, dyes, zoology, tides, mirrors, meteorology and earthquakes.^[8][9]

In the field of mathematics, al-Kindi played an important role in introducing Indian numerals to the Islamic andChristian world.^[10] He was a pioneer in cryptanalysis and devised several new methods of breaking ciphers.^[11]Using his mathematical and medical expertise, he was able to develop a scale that would allow doctors to quantify the potency of their medication.^[12]

Al-Farabi (Persian: ابونصر محمد بن محمد فارابی‎ Abū Naṣr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Fārābī;^[1] for other recorded variants of his name see below) known in the West as Alpharabius^[5] (c. 872^[2] in Fārāb^[3] – between 14 December, 950 and 12 January, 951 in Damascus),^[3] was a renowned scientist and philosopher of theIslamic Golden Age. He was also a cosmologist, logician, and musician.

Through his commentaries and treatises, Al-Farabi became well known among medieval Muslim intellectuals as "The Second Teacher", that is, the successor to Aristotle, "The First Teacher".