Freeman John Dyson

6:57 PM | BY ZeroDivide EDIT
Freeman Dyson
Freeman Dyson.jpg
Long Now Seminar in San Francisco, October 5, 2005
BornFreeman John Dyson
December 15, 1923 (age 90)
CrowthorneBerkshire, England
NationalityAmerican
FieldsPhysicsMathematics
InstitutionsRoyal Air Force
Institute for Advanced Study
University of Birmingham
Duke University
Cornell University
Alma materUniversity of CambridgeCornell University[1]
Academic advisorsHans Bethe
Known forDyson sphere
Dyson operator
Dyson series
Schwinger-Dyson equation
Circular ensemble
Random Matrix Theory
Advocacy against nuclear weapons
Dyson conjecture
Dyson's eternal intelligence
Dyson number
Dyson tree
Dyson's transform
Dyson Brownian Motion
Project Orion
TRIGA
InfluencesRichard Feynman,[2][3][full citation needed]Abram Samoilovitch Besicovitch[4]
Notable awardsHeineman Prize (1965)
Lorentz Medal (1966)
Hughes Medal (1968)
Harvey Prize (1977)
Wolf Prize (1981)
Oersted Medal (1991)
Fermi Award (1993)
Templeton Prize (2000)
Pomeranchuk Prize (2003)
Poincaré Prize (2012)
Notes
He is notably the son of George Dyson, and father of Esther Dyson, Dorothy Dyson, Mia Dyson, Rebecca Dyson, Emily Dyson, andGeorge Dyson.
Freeman John Dyson FRS (born December 15, 1923) is an English-born American[5][6] theoretical physicist andmathematician, famous for his work in quantum electrodynamicssolid-state physicsastronomy and nuclear engineering. Dyson is a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.[7]

Biography[edit]

Early life[edit]

Born at Crowthorne in Berkshire, Dyson is the son of the English composer George Dyson, who was later knighted. His mother had a law degree, but after Dyson was born she worked as a social worker.[8] Although not known to be related to the early 20th-century astronomer Frank Watson Dyson, as a small boy Dyson was aware of him and has credited the popularity of an astronomer sharing his surname as having helped to spark his own interest in science.[citation needed] At the age of five he calculated the number of atoms in the sun.[9] As a child, he showed an interest in large numbers and in the solar system, and was strongly influenced by the book Men of Mathematics byEric Temple Bell.[2]
From 1936 to 1941, Dyson was a Scholar at Winchester College, where his father was Director of Music. On July 25, 1943, he entered the Operational Research Section (ORS) of the Royal Air Force’s Bomber Command,[10] where he developed analytical methods to help the RAF bomb German targets during World War II.[11] After the war, Dyson enrolled in the University of Cambridge, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics.[12] From 1946 to 1949 he was a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, occupying rooms just below those of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, who would resign his professorship in 1947.[13]

The Yazidi : Melek Taus or the Peacock Angel: Satan, Devil Worshipper

12:05 PM | BY ZeroDivide EDIT
The Yazidi are Kurdish-speaking people who adhere to a branch of Iranian religions that blends elements of Mithraism, pre-Islamic Mesopotamian/Assyrian religious traditions, Christianity and Islam.


Melek Taus (Arabicمَلَك طَاوُوس‎), or the Peacock Angel, is the Yazidi name for the central figure of their faith.
In the Yazidi belief system, God created the world, and the world is now in the care of a Heptad of seven Holy Beings, often known as Angels or heft sirr (the Seven Mysteries). Preeminent among these is "Tawûsê Melek" (frequently known as "Melek Taus" in English publications), the Peacock Angel. According to the Encyclopedia of the Orient,
The reason for the Yazidis reputation of being devil worshipers is connected to the name of Melek Taus, Shaytan, the same name the Koran has for Satan and identified in Bible as the same.[1]
Furthermore, the Yazidi story regarding Tawûsê Melek's rise to favor with God is almost identical to the story of the DevilShaitan in Islam, except that Yazidis revere Tawûsê Melek for refusing to submit to God by bowing to Adam, while Muslims believe that Satan's refusal to submit caused him to fall out of Grace with God, and to later become ultimate corrupeter.[2]Yazidi's reverence for Satan requires them to live apart from Christians and specially Muslims because the most common Islamic prayer is to ask for God's protection from the devil "أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم" where Malek Taus's name shaitan is explicitly mentioned.
"I seek refuge in Allah from Shaitan, the accursed one". The black book of Yazidis mentions it as a duty to kill anyone who says this Islamic prayer or who curses or insults the devil. The Black Book - ARTICLE V "According to our religion it is something intolerable when the Muslim in the morning begins to say in prayer, God forbid! "I take refuge in God, ...." If any one of us hear it, he must kill the one who says it and kill himself; otherwise he becomes an infidel".[3]
Tawûsê Melek is identified by Muslims and Christians with Shaitan (Satan). Yazidis, however, believe Tawûsê Melek is not a source of evil or wickedness. They consider him to be the leader of the archangels, not a fallen angel, and an emanation of God himself. They are forbidden from speaking the name Shaitan. They also hold that the source of evil is in the heart and spirit of humans themselves, not in Tawûsê Melek. The active forces in their religion are Tawûsê Melek and Sheik Adî.

Elisha ben Abuyah: heretical worldview: 70 CE

6:09 PM | BY ZeroDivide EDIT
Elisha ben Abuyah (Hebrewאלישע בן אבויה‎) (spelled variously, including Elisha ben Avuya) was a rabbi and Jewish religious authority born in Jerusalem sometime before 70 CE. After he adopted a worldview considered heretical by his fellow Tannaim and betrayed his people, the rabbis of the Talmudrefrained from relating teachings in his name and referred to him as the "Other One" (אחרAcher).[1] Rabbi Louis Ginzberg, writing in the Jewish Encyclopedia (1901–1906), says that "it is almost impossible to derive from rabbinical sources a clear picture of his personality, and modern historians have differed greatly in their estimate of him. According to Grätz, he was a Karpotian Gnostic; according to Siegfried, a follower of Philo; according to Dubsch, aChristian; according to Smolenskin and Weiss, a victim of the inquisitor Akiba."[2]

Youth and Activity[edit]

Little is known of Elisha's youth and of his activity as a teacher of Jewish Law. He was the son of a rich and well-respected citizen of Jerusalem, and was trained for the career of a scholar. The only saying of his recorded in the Mishnah is his praise of education: "Learning Torah as a child is like writing on fresh paper, but learning Torah in old age is like writing on paper that has been erased" (Avot 4:25). Other sayings attributed to Elisha indicate that he stressed mitzvot (good deeds) as equal in importance to education:
To whom may a man who has good deeds and has studied much Torah be compared? To a man who in building [lays] stones first [for a foundation] and then lays bricks [over them], so that however much water may collect at the side of the building, it will not wash away. Contrariwise, he who has no good deeds even though he has studied much Torah — to whom may he be compared? To a man who in building lays bricks first and then heaps stones over them, so that even if a little water collects, it at once undermines the structure.[3]