The Lesser Key of Solomon, also known as the Clavicula Salomonis Regis^{[note 1]} or Lemegeton, is an anonymous grimoire (or spell book) on demonology. It was compiled in the mid-17th century, mostly from materials a couple of centuries older.^[1][2] It is divided into five books—the Ars Goetia, Ars Theurgia-Goetia, Ars Paulina, Ars Almadel, and Ars Notoria.^[1][3]

Contents

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• 1 Ars Goetia
  • 1.1 The Seventy-Two Demons
• 2 Ars Theurgia Goetia
• 3 Ars Paulina
• 4 Ars Almadel
• 5 Ars Notoria
• 6 Editions and translations
• 7 Notes
• 8 References
• 9 External links

Ars Goetia[edit]

The most obvious source for the Ars Goetia is Johann Weyer's Pseudomonarchia Daemonum in his De praestigiis daemonum. Weyer does not cite, and is unaware of, any other books in the Lemegeton, indicating that the Lemegeton was derived from his work, not the other way around.^[1][4] The order of the spirits was changed between the two, four additional spirits were added to the later work, and one spirit (Pruflas) was omitted. The omission of Pruflas, a mistake that also occurs in an edition of Pseudomonarchia Daemonum cited in Reginald Scot's The Discoverie of Witchcraft, indicates that the Ars Goetia could not have been compiled before 1570. Indeed, it appears that the Ars Goetia is more dependent upon Scot's translation of Weyer than Weyer's work in itself. Additionally, some material was used fromHeinrich Cornelius Agrippa's Three Books of Occult Philosophy, the Heptameron by pseudo-Pietro d'Abano,^{[note 2][1][5]} and the Magical Calendar.^[6]

Weyer's Officium Spirituum, which is likely related to a 1583 manuscript titled "The Office of Spirits",^[7] appears to have ultimately been an elaboration on a 15th-century manuscript titled Le Livre des Esperitz (of which 30 of its 47 spirits are nearly identical to spirits in the Ars Goetia).^[2][5]

In a slightly later copy made by Thomas Rudd, this portion was labelled "Liber Malorum Spirituum seu Goetia", and the seals and demons were paired with those of the 72 angels of the Shemhamphorasch,^[3] who were intended to protect the conjurer and control the demons he summoned.^[8] The angelic names and seals were derived from a manuscript by Blaise de Vigenère, whose papers were also used by Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers in his works for the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.^[5] Rudd may have derived his copy of Liber Malorum Spirituum from a now-lost work by Johannes Trithemius,^[5] who taught Agrippa, who in turn taught Weyer.

This portion of the work was later translated by S. L. MacGregor Mathers and published by Aleister Crowley under the title The Book of the Goetia of Solomon the King. Crowley added some additional invocations previously unrelated to the original work, as well as essays describing the rituals as psychological exploration instead of demon summoning.^[9]

The Seventy-Two Demons[edit]

Further information: List of demons in the Ars Goetia

Buer, the tenth spirit, who teaches "Moral and Natural Philosophy" (from a 1995 Mathers edition. Illustration by Louis Bretonfrom Dictionnaire Infernal).

The demons' names (given below) are taken from the Ars Goetia, which differs in terms of number and ranking from thePseudomonarchia Daemonum of Weyer. As a result of multiple translations, there are multiple spellings for some of the names, which are given in the articles concerning them.

1. King Bael
2. Duke Agares
3. Prince Vassago
4. Marquis Samigina
5. President Marbas
6. Duke Valefor
7. Marquis Amon
8. Duke Barbatos
9. King Paimon
10. President Buer
11. Duke Gusion
12. Prince Sitri
13. King Beleth
14. Marquis Leraje
15. Duke Eligos
16. Duke Zepar
17. Count/President Botis
18. Duke Bathin
19. Duke Sallos
20. King Purson
21. Count/President Marax
22. Count/Prince Ipos
23. Duke Aim
24. Marquis Naberius
25. Count/President Glasya-Labolas
26. Duke Buné
27. Marquis/Count Ronové
28. Duke Berith
29. Duke Astaroth
30. Marquis Forneus
31. President Foras
32. King Asmoday
33. Prince/President Gäap
34. Count Furfur
35. Marquis Marchosias
36. Prince Stolas
37. Marquis Phenex
38. Count Halphas
39. President Malphas
40. Count Räum
41. Duke Focalor
42. Duke Vepar
43. Marquis Sabnock
44. Marquis Shax
45. King/Count Viné
46. Count Bifrons
47. Duke Vual
48. President Haagenti
49. Duke Crocell
50. Knight Furcas
51. King Balam
52. Duke Alloces
53. President Caim
54. Duke/Count Murmur
55. Prince Orobas
56. Duke Gremory
57. President Ose
58. President Amy
59. Marquis Orias
60. Duke Vapula
61. King/President Zagan
62. President Valac
63. Marquis Andras
64. Duke Haures
65. Marquis Andrealphus
66. Marquis Cimeies
67. Duke Amdusias
68. King Belial
69. Marquis Decarabia
70. Prince Seere
71. Duke Dantalion
72. Count Andromalius

Ars Theurgia Goetia[edit]

The Ars Theurgia Goetia mostly derives from Trithemius's Steganographia, though the seals and order for the spirits are different due to corrupted transmission via manuscript.^[5][10] Rituals not found in Steganographia were added, in some ways conflicting with similar rituals found in the Ars Goetia and Ars Paulina. Most of the spirits summoned are tied to points on a compass, four Emperors tied to the cardinal points, sixteen Dukes tied to cardinal points, inter-cardinal points, additional directions between those. There are an additional eleven Wandering Princes, totaling thirty one spirit leaders who each rule several to a few dozen spirits.^[11]

Ars Paulina[edit]

Derived from book two of Trithemius's Steganographia and from portions of the Heptameron, but purportedly delivered by Paul the Apostle instead of (as claimed by Trithemius) Raziel. Elements from The Magical Calendar, astrological seals by Robert Turner's 1656 translation of Paracelsus's Archidoxes of Magic, and repeated mentions of guns and the year 1641 indicate that this portion was written in the later half of the seventeenth century.^[12][13] Traditions of Paul communicating with heavenly powers are almost as old as Christianity itself, as seen in some interpretations of 2 Corinthians 12:2-4 and the apocryphal Apocalypse of Paul. The Ars Paulina is in turn divided into two books, the first detailing twenty-four angels aligned with the twenty-four hours of the day, the second (derived more from the Heptameron) detailing the 360 spirits of the degrees of the zodiac.^[13]

Ars Almadel[edit]

Mentioned by Trithemius and Weyer, the latter of whom claimed an Arabic origin for the work. A 15th-century copy is attested to by Robert Turner, and Hebrew copies were discovered in the 20th century. The Ars Almadel instructs the magician on how to create a wax tablet with specific designs intended to contact angels viascrying.^[14][15]

Ars Notoria[edit]

The oldest known portion of the Lemegeton, the Ars Notoria (or Notory Art) was first mentioned by Michael Scot in 1236 (and thus was written earlier). The Ars Notoria contains a series of prayers (related to those in The Sworn Book of Honorius) intended to grant eidetic memory and instantaneous learning to the magician. Some copies and editions of the Lemegeton omit this work entirely;^[16][17] A. E. Waite ignores it completely when describing the Lemegeton.^[4] It is also known as the Ars Nova.

Marcel Vogel
Born	April 14, 1917 San Francisco, California
Died	February 12, 1991 (aged 73) San Jose, California
Residence	United States
Nationality	American
Fields	Chemistry Physics Esotericism
Institutions	Vogel Luminescence IBM
Known for	Luminescence Liquid crystal system Magnetics

Marcel Joseph Vogel (1917–1991) was a research scientist working at the IBM San Jose Research Center for 27 years. He is sometimes referred to as Dr. Vogel, although this title was based on an honorary degree, not a Ph.D.. Later in his career, he became interested in various pseudoscientific theories of quartz crystals and other occult and esoteric fields of study. The Vogel Crystal type cut was created by him.

Contents

• 1 Mainstream scientific work
• 2 Esoteric and occult studies
  • 2.1 Vogel Cut
  • 2.2 Billy Meier UFO metal sample
  • 2.3 Communication between plants
• 3 See also
• 4 References
• 5 External links

Mainstream scientific work

It is claimed that Vogel started his research into luminescence while he was still in his teens. This research eventually led him to publish his thesis, Luminescence in Liquids and Solids and Their Practical Application, in collaboration with University of Chicago's Dr. Peter Pringsheim in 1943.
Two years after the publication, Vogel incorporated his own company, Vogel Luminescence, in San Francisco. For the next decade the firm developed a variety of new products: fluorescent crayons, tags for insecticides, a black light inspection kit to determine the secret trackways of rodents in cellars from their urine and the psychedelic colors popular in "new age" posters. In 1957, Vogel Luminescence was sold to Ultra Violet Products and Vogel joined IBM as a full-time research scientist. He retired from IBM in 1984.
He received 32 patents for his inventions up through his tenure at IBM.^[1] Among these was the magnetic coating for the 24” hard disk drive systems still in use. His areas of expertise, besides luminescence, were phosphor technology, magnetics and liquid crystal systems.
At Vogel's February 14, 1991 funeral, IBM researcher and Sacramento, California physician Bernard McGinity, M.D. said of him, “He made his mark because of the brilliance of his mind, his prolific ideas, and his seemingly limitless creativity.”^[2]

Esoteric and occult studies

Vogel Cut

He also designed the Vogel Crystal Cut, which allegedly focuses "universal life force" by concentrating it and transforming it to a higher level or vibration. Vogel crystals are said to be cut to the extremely precise angle of 51 degrees 51 minutes and 51 seconds, which is also claimed as the precise angle of the sides of the Great Pyramid of Giza. The crystal is further designed along the geometry of the Tree of Life symbol. Its design is said to have come to him in a dream.

Billy Meier UFO metal sample

According to the book Light Years by Gary Kinder, Vogel examined a metal sample which was allegedly given to Billy Meier by extraterrestrials and marveled at its unusual properties (Vogel stated it contained the element thulium).^{[citation needed]} An investigator with the Independent Investigations Group claims to have found that the element detected by Vogel was in fact aluminum and not thulium.^[3][4] Kinder however states in his book that the metal sample had disappeared after Vogel's analysis and was never found again.

Communication between plants

Vogel claimed to be able to duplicate the "Backster effect" using plants as transducers for bio-energetic fields from the human mind, showing that they respond to human thought. He claimed his findings had the same effect irrespective of distance and suggested that "inverse square law does not apply to thought" (See also: Inverse square law).^[5] Vogel was a proponent of research into plant consciousness. He spurred fellow researcher Randall Fontes into furthering this work. Vogel was featured in the first episode of In Search Of... hosted by Leonard Nimoy, called "Other Voices". He gave his theories regarding the possibility of communication between plants.^[6]

See also

• Pyramid power
• Crystal healing

References

1. 
   

Documentation from IBM on Vogel patents, at GoogleDocs

[1]

http://www.openminds.tv/deconstruction-of-billy-meier%E2%80%99s-metal-samples-865

Metal Analysis Deconstruction at IIG website

Joan D'Arc (1 November 2000). Phenomenal World: Remote Viewing, Astral Travel, Apparitions, Extraterrestrials, Lucid Dreams and Other Forms of Intelligent Contact in the Magical Kingdom of Mind-at-Large. Book Tree. pp. 191–192. ISBN 978-1-58509-128-7. Retrieved 7 August 2013.

6. Confusion between thallium and thulium

External links

• Vogel biographical sketch at Vogel Crystals website
• Vogel at the IBM100 Magnetic Stripe Technology team website

H. P. Lovecraft
Lovecraft in 1934
Born	Howard Phillips Lovecraft August 20, 1890 Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Died	March 15, 1937 (aged 46) Providence, Rhode Island
Resting place	Swan Point Cemetery, Providence, Rhode Island
Pen name	Lewis Theobald Humphrey Littlewit Ward Phillips Edward Softly
Occupation	Short-story writer, editor, novelist, poet
Period	Early 20th century
Genre	Horror, science fiction, fantasy,weird, gothic, dark fantasy
Literary movement	Cosmicism
Notable works	"The Call of Cthulhu" The Shadow Out of Time At the Mountains of Madness
Spouse	Sonia Greene (1924–1926)
Signature

Howard Phillips Lovecraft (/ˈlʌvkræft, -ˌkrɑːft/;^[1] August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) — known as H.P. Lovecraft — was an American author who achieved posthumous fame through his influential works of horror fiction. Virtually unknown and only published in pulp magazines before he died in poverty, he is now regarded as one of the most significant 20th-century authors in his genre.

Lovecraft was born in Providence, Rhode Island, where he spent most of his life. His father was confined to a mental institution when Lovecraft was three years old. His grandfather, a wealthy businessman, enjoyed storytelling and was an early influence. Intellectually precocious but sensitive, Lovecraft began composing rudimentary horror tales by the age of eight, but suffered from overwhelming feelings of anxiety. He encountered problems with classmates in school, and was kept at home by his highly strung and overbearing mother for illnesses that may have been psychosomatic. In high school, Lovecraft was able to better connect with his peers and form friendships. He also involved neighborhood children in elaborate make-believe projects, only regretfully ceasing the activity at seventeen years old. Despite leaving school in 1908 without graduating — he found mathematics particularly difficult — Lovecraft had developed a formidable knowledge of his favored subjects, such as history, linguistics, chemistry, and astronomy.

Although he seems to have had some social life, attending meetings of a club for local young men, Lovecraft, in early adulthood, was established in a reclusive 'nightbird' lifestyle without occupation or pursuit of romantic adventures. In 1913 his conduct of a long running controversy in the letters page of a story magazine led to his being invited to participate in an amateur journalism association. Encouraged, he started circulating his stories; he was 31 at the time of his first publication in a professional magazine. Lovecraft contracted a marriage to an older woman he had met at an association conference. By age 34, he was a regular contributor to newly founded Weird Tales magazine; he turned down an offer of the editorship.

Lovecraft returned to Providence from New York in 1926, and over the next nine months he produced some of his most celebrated tales including "The Call of Cthulhu", canonical to the Cthulhu Mythos. Never able to support himself from earnings as author and editor, Lovecraft saw commercial success increasingly elude him in this latter period, partly because he lacked the confidence and drive to promote himself. He subsisted in progressively straitened circumstances in his last years; an inheritance was completely spent by the time he died at the age of 46.^[2]

Paracelsus (/ˌpærəˈsɛlsəs/; born Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, 11 November or 17 December 1493 – 24 September 1541) was a Swiss German^[3] Renaissance physician, botanist, alchemist, astrologer, and general occultist.^[4] He founded the discipline of toxicology.^[5] He is also known as a revolutionary for insisting upon using observations of nature, rather than looking to ancient texts, in open and radical defiance of medical practice of his day.^[5] He is also credited for giving zinc its name, calling it zincum,.^[6][7] He introduced terms such as "gas", "chemistry", and he also coined the Arabic word "alcohol".^[8] Modern psychology often also credits him for being the first to note that some diseases are rooted in psychological illness.^[9]

His personality was stubborn and independent. He grew progressively more frustrated and bitter as he became more embattled as a reformer.^[10]

"Paracelsus", meaning "equal to or greater than Celsus", refers to the Roman encyclopedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus from the 1st century, known for his tract on medicine.^[11][12]

Paracelsus' most important legacy is likely his critique of the scholastic methods in medicine, science and theology. Although these faculties did not exist separate from each other during his time, his attitudes towards the uncritical copy of the teachings of the old Fathers of Medicine, such as Avicenna and Averroes, without categorically denying their obvious merits, was his first and foremost achievement for independent and empirical approaches to research and teaching. Much of his theoretical work does not withstand modern scientific thought, but his insights laid the foundation for a more dynamic approach in the medical sciences.