Being one of the oldest revealed religion of the world, Zarathushtrianism has influenced Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in a major way. Scholars of comparative religions believe that the concept of heaven and hell, resurrection, God and Satan etc., are all Zarathushtrian concepts borrowed subsequently by the Jews, Christians and Muslims.
Three Zarathushtrian priests (the three Majis) are said to have been present at the birth of Jesus Christ. Noted Scholar D.B. Macdonald in "Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional Theory" (pg. 133) writes, "It was Dastur Dinyar, afterwards known as Salman (Solomon-e-Farsi, a learned Zoroastrian priest who helped Mahomed in writing, the Quran (The Quran XVI-105)"
Muhammad the Prophet of Islam was born at Mecca in 570 A.D. He took pride in the act that he was born in the reign of Noshirwan the Just Emperor of Zarathushtrian Iran. Muhammad began to preach in Mecca in 610 A.D. It is believed that the Prophet had constituted a council of advisers of whom Dastur Dinyar was an important member. It is said Prophet Muhammad had issued three 'Ahadnameh' or charters to guarantee protection of person, property, freedom of worship and exemption from the poll tax (the Jaziya) to
a) Farrukh-bin-Shakshan (the brother of Dastur Dinyar)
b) Bahram-bin -Khiradars and
c) The descendants of Adarbad Mahrespand.
Though the authenticity of these 'Firmans' is difficult to prove historically, they do bring out the liberal policy of tolerance ordained by the Prophet. In fact it is said that Muhammad and his son-in-law the Imam Ali had issued such charters to all the "Ahel-e-kitab" or "People of the Book" (i.e. those who followed the teachings of a revealed religion, a designation given to Zarathushtrians, Jews and Christians).
The three Zarathushtrian 'Ahadnameh' first came to light in 1851 more than twelve centuries after they were granted. Sorabji Jamsetji Jeejeebhoy the son of the first Baronet, Sir Jamsetji Jejeebhoy had them published-with the Arabic text and their translation in Persian and Gujarati. As said earlier, it would be difficult to establish with certainty the genuineness of these charters.
Dastur Dinyar or Salman-e-Fars was one of the most revered among the 'Ashab' (i.e. companions) of Prophet Muhammad. The prophet infact treated him as one belonging to his "inner circle". According to the 'Hadith' "Salman minna aht al-Bait" i.e. Salman is one of us". Dastur Dinyar survived the prophet and it appears he staunchly supported Ali and his family during the schism that followed Muhammad's passing away. In mystic circles it is believed that the Quran essentially deals with "tarikat" (spiritual - discipline) and "Sheriat" (law). Esoteric Islam began to blossom under Hazrat Ali under the influence of Salman-e-Fars.
The Ahadnameh granted to the brother of Salman-e-Fars is believed to have been written by Al Ibn Abu Talib under institutions from Prophet Muhammad. The Charter granted various rights and freedom as also protection to the coreligionists of Dastur Dinyar. The prophet is believed to have said, "Whosoever obeys this my command he will gain. The pleasure of God, but those who disobey will be accursed to the day of resurrection."
The Ahadnameh says, "Those who are generous to them (i.e. Zarathushtrians) is generous to me (i.e. Muhammad), and they will receive naught but good from God. And those who offends them, offends me, and I will be his enemy on the day of Judgement. His punishment is the fire of hell I withdraw my protection from him.
In the same 'Ahadnameh' the prophet says, "And it was said in the revelation received by me that paradise more impatiently desires the presence of Salman then Salman wishes to go there. Really, he is my intimate friend and adviser as well as to all Muslims. Salman is one of our family".
Unfortunately there is very little we know about Dastur Dinyar from Zarathushtrian texts except for the fact that he was also known as "Behzad" (the wellborn) and was the spiritual counsellor of Noshirwan-e-Adil. Mystics believe this Zarathushtrian Dastur was destined in Nature to influence the early development of the fifth and final major religion of the world (i.e. Islam).
It is Ironic that despite Dastur Dinyar's influence on early Islam and the charters issued by Prophet Muhammed, the Arab Muslims ultimately destroyed Zarathushtrian Iran and the coreligionists of the pious Dastur had to flee from their own motherland and seek refuge in India.
Strange are the ways of this world.
Muhammad made mention of the Pleiades when speaking of the second advent of Jesus in the form of the Promised Messiah of the modern day and age. A Hadith recalled by Imam Bukhari, states:
'A companion of The Holy Prophet (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) relates: One day we were sitting with The Holy Prophet (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) when this chapter*[6] was revealed. I enquired from Muhammad (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). Who are the people to whom the words "and among others of them who have not yet joined them"** refer? Salman (may Allah be pleased with him), a Persian was sitting among us. The Holy Prophet (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) put his hand on Salman (may Allah be pleased with him) and said. If faith were to go up to the Pleiades, a man from among these would surely find it.' (Bukhari).[7]
**The verse quoted here is verse 4 from the aforementioned chapter.
Salman the Persian (Arabic: سلمان الفارسي) (Salman al-Farsi), born Rōzbeh (Persian: روزبه), was one of the most loyal companions of Prophet Muhammad. In addition, Salman was the first Persian revert to Islam. During some of his later meetings with the other Sahabah, he was referred to as Abu Abdullah ("Father of Abdullah"). According to some traditions, he was appointed as the governor of Mada'in in Iraq. According to popular Islamic tradition, Muhammad considered Salman as part of his household (Ahl al-Bayt).
Birth place[edit]
Salman was born either in the city of Kazerun in Pars Province, or Isfahan in Isfahan Province, Persia.[1][2]
Titles[edit]
Abu Hurairah called Salman Abu Al Kitabayn (The father of the two books, i.e., the Bible and the Quran) and Imam Ali called him Luqman al-Hakeem (Luqman the wise - reference to a wise man in the Qur'an known for his wise statements)[3]
Traditional Biography[edit]
According to some tradition, Salman, whose original name in some traditions is said to be Rouzbeh, was said to be born into a Zoroastrian priestly family. He said to have converted to Christianity at a young age.[4] He had heard from the priests of the coming of another prophet.[4] He searched for the promised prophet and after going through many hardships, and phases, was captured as a slave and brought into Medina. Muhammed is said to have bought him and freed him from.[4]
Battle of the Trench (Khandaq)[edit]
Further information: Battle of the Trench
It was Salman who came up with the idea of digging a great trench around the city of Medina to defend the city and its people from the army of 10,000 non-Muslims of Arabia. Muhammad and his companions agreed and accepted Salman's plan because it was safer and there would be a better chance that the non-Muslim army of Arabia would have a larger number of casualties. The attack that the Muslims had expected, is known as the Battle of the Trench.
While some sources gather him with the Muhajirun,[5] other sources narrate that during the Battle of the Trench, one of Muhajirun stated "Salman is one of us, Muhajireen", but this was challenged by the Muslims of Medina known in Arabic as theAnsar. A lively argument began between the two groups, each of them claiming that Salman belonged to their group, and not to the other group. Muhammad arrived on the scene, and heard the argument. He was amused by the claims, but he soon put an end to their arguments by saying: "Salman is neither Muhajir nor Ansar. He is one of us. He is one of the People of the House, ahl al-Bayt."[6]
Death[edit]
When exactly Salman died is unknown, however it is probably during Uthman ibn Affan's reign or the second year of Ali's reign. One source says he died in 32 AH/654 AD,[7] while another source says he died during Uthman's era in 35 hijri/657 AD, which is wrong as Uthman died a year earlier, so if their claim that Salman died in 35 hijri/657 AD is correct then it must have been during Ali's reign.[3]
A Prophetic Narratation[edit]
A measure of Salman's scriptual attainment can be gleaned by the following narrations. The second narration implies that Salman could also read Hebrew.
Narrated Abu Juhaifa:The Prophet made a bond of brotherhood between Salman and Abu Ad-Darda.' Salman paid a visit to Abu Ad-Darda' and found Um Ad-Darda' dressed in shabby clothes and asked her why she was in that state. She replied, "Your brother Abu Ad-Darda' is not interested in (the luxuries of) this world." In the meantime Abu Ad-Darda' came and prepared a meal for Salman. Salman requested Abu Ad-Darda' to eat (with him), but Abu Ad-Darda' said, "I am fasting." Salman said, "I am not going to eat unless you eat." So, Abu Ad-Darda' ate(with Salman). When it was night and (a part of the night passed), Abu Ad-Darda' got up (to offer the night prayer), but Salman told him to sleep and Abu Ad-Darda' slept. After sometime Abu Ad-Darda' again got up but Salman told him to sleep. When it was the last hours of the night, Salman told him to get up then, and both of them offered the prayer. Salman told Abu Ad-Darda', "Your Lord has a right on you, your soul has a right on you, and your family has a right on you; so you should give the rights of all those who has a right on you." Abu Ad-Darda' came to the Prophet and narrated the whole story. The Prophet said, "Salman has spoken the truth."[8]
Narrated Salman al-Farsi:I read in the Torah that the blessing of food consists in ablution before it. So I mentioned it to the Prophet (peace be upon him). He said: The blessing of food consists in ablution before it and ablution after it.[9]
Works[edit]
He translated part of the Quran into Persian, thus becoming the first person to interpret and translate the Qur'an into a foreign language.[10]
Quotation[edit]
I am Salman, the son of Islam from the children of Adam.—Salman, Companions of The Prophet, Vol.1, by: Abdul Wahid Hamid
Shi'a view[edit]
Shias, Twelvers in particular, hold Salman in high esteem for a hadith attributed to him, in which all twelve Imāms were mentioned to him by name, from Muhammad.[11] He is also mentioned in one hadith regarding the perfect Shia.
Ali Asgher Razwy, a 20th-century Shi'a Twelver Islamic scholar states:
If anyone wishes to see the real spirit of Islam, he will find it, not in the deeds of the nouveaux riches of Medina, but in the life, character and deeds of such companions of the Apostle of God as Ali ibn Abi Talib, Salman el-Farsi, Abu Dharr el-Ghiffari, Ammar ibn Yasir, Owais Qarni and Bilal. The orientalists will change their assessment of the spirit of Islam if they contemplate it in the austere, pure and sanctified lives of these latter companions.—Ali Asgher Razwy, A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims[12]
Sufi view[edit]
Sufis refer to him often; in the Oveyssi-Shahmaghsoudi order and Naqshbandi order, Salman is the third person in the chain connecting devotees with Muhammad.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Salman The Persian - Biography". Experiencefestival.com. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
- ^ "Salman al-Farsi (Salman the Persian)". Islamawareness.net. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
- ^ a b "سلمان الفارسي - الصحابة - موسوعة الاسرة المسلمة". Islam.aljayyash.net. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
- ^ a b c Muḥammad ʻAlī Mu·ad̲d̲in Sabzawārī, Mohammad Hassan Faghfoory (translator), Tuhfah-yi 'Abbasi, University Press of America, 2008.pg 33
- ^ "Seventh Session, Part 2". Al-islam.org. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
- ^ Akramulla Syed (2010-03-20). "Salman the Persian details: Early Years in Persia (Iran)". Ezsoftech.com. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
- ^ http://islamstory.com/سلمان_الفارسي
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 3:31:189
- ^ Sunan Abu Dawood, 27:3752
- ^ An-Nawawi, Al-Majmu', (Cairo, Matbacat at-'Tadamun n.d.), 380.
- ^ Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir ibn Rustom al-Tabari. Dalail al-Imamah. p.447.
- ^ A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims on Al-Islam.orgUmar bin al-Khattab, the Second Khalifa of the Muslims
External links[edit]
- Salmān al-Farsi (رضي الله عنه)
- Sahaba.net: Salman al-Farisi
- Biography of Salman al-Farisi (according to a Naqshbandi Sufi order)
- [Vida, G. Levi Della. “Salmān al-Fārisī”. P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; and W.P. Heinrichs. In Encyclopaedia of Islam. Second ed. Brill Online, 2012]
Ibn Abbass RA once asked Salman al-Farsi RA about his story and Salman narrated his story to him. He was a Persian man from village where is located in present day Iran. He said he was taking pain in the religion of fire worshiping. He became high in status and became the guardian of the fire. Salman al-Farsi RA said one day he was walking and saw a church and went in to investigate. He said he was impressed by their method of prayer. Salman al-Farsi RA told his father he thinks that Christianity was a better religion than fire worshiping, his father chained Salman al Farsi. Then Salman al-Farsi ran away all the way to Shaam(The greater area surrounding Damascus including Syria, Lebenon, Palestine, and Jordan). He arrived in Syria. Salman al-Farsi said he lived with the best bishop and the bishop used to collect money for charity but then keep it for himself. Salman al-Farsi RA hated this man, and told everyone he was evil. The next person who took leadership in place of the bishop after he died was a very pious man who was loved by Salman al-Farsi. Then Salman al-Farsi RA travels to Iraq for studying. He then traveled to Musabeen to learn. The then went to Amaria (today’s Turkey area) to study. The scholar he was studying under told him, that a new prophet shall come soon from the Arabs,his signs will be undeniable, he will take refuge in a place with date palms located between rocky tracks, he will eat food given to him as gifts but not from charity, he will have a seal of prophet hood between his shoulders. Salman al-Farsi RA offered everything he owned if people could take him to Arabia. A group of people agreed, but they betrayed him by selling him as a slave to a Jewish man. That Jewish man sold him to another Jewish man. His owner took him to Yathrib(Madinah) and when he saw Madinah, Salman al-Farsi RA immediately realized this is where the Prophet PBUH shall take refuge, he realized this is the city his teacher was speaking of. Madinah is a place of date palms, and is between two rocky tracks. Salman al-Farsi RA said one day his master had him climb to pick dates. While he was up there, his masters cousin came to his master angry and said there is someone coming from Makkah claiming to be a Prophet taking refuge here. Salman al-Farsi said when he heard this chills went down his spine and he almost fell out of the tree and onto his master. Salman al-Farsi RA said he left that night to visit Muhammad PBUH, and brought food for him and said it was from charity. The Prophet PBUH told his companions to eat but did not eat from the food of charity. That confirmed one of the signs told to Salman al-Farsi RA. He then went back. Then Salman brought food again and told the food that he gave last time was for charity this is now as a gift, this time the prophet ate the food with the companions. Then Salman al-Farsi RA went to Muhammad SAWS and went around him and the prophet noticed that Salman was looking for something so the Prophet took off the cloth to show him what is between his shoulder blades. When Salman saw the mark between his shoulders, he knew it was the Seal of Prophet hood, and Salman RA said when he saw it fell down in tears and began to kiss the prophets feet and made Sajood to him. Rasulullah SAWS immediately told him to stand up and asked Salman his story, and then told him to tell his companions the same story. Salman al-Farsi RA because of being a slave did not fight in battle of Uhud or Badr. The prophet and the sahabas (companions of Muhammad PBUH) helped free Salman al-Farsi RA.
Some lessons we can get from the life from Salman al-Farsi RA is:
You have to put effort into searching for the truth. If you take one step towards Allah, Allah will take 10 steps near you. You have to take the first step.
We should not be turned down, by seeing someone not doing the right thing. The truth is not always represented by its followers. Like Salman and the first bishop he met.
The Muslim community must be helpful to their new members. Dawaah is not just speaking, it is helping it could be financial help, they need social gatherings to attend. Sometimes converts don’t just need an adviser, but they just need a friend.
Salman al-Farsi is known as “the Imam,” “the Inheritor of Islam,” “the Wise Judge,” “the Knowledgeable Scholar” and “One of the House of the Prophet .” These were all titles the Prophet gave him.
My heart has become capable of all forms:
A pasture for gazelles, a monastery for monks,
A temple for idols, the Kabah of the pilgrims,
The tablets of Torah, the Book of Quran.
I profess the religion of Love.
Whatever direction love’s camels take,
That is my religion and my faith.
—Ibn Arabi, Tarjuman al-ashwaq
Salman al-Farsi stood fast in the face of extreme difficulties and hardships, to carry the Light of Lights and to spread the secrets of hearts, to lift people from darkness to light. He was a noble Companion of the Prophet who reported sixty of the Prophet’s Traditions.
{ Secret of Servanthood and in-service to the Rasul (s)} He came from a highly respected Zoroastrian family from a town near Isfahan. One day while passing by a church, he was attracted by the voices of men praying. Drawn by their worship, he ventured in and found it better than the religion of his upbringing. On learning that the religion originated in Syria, he left home, against his father’s wishes, went to Syria and associated himself with a succession of Christian anchorites. He came to know from them the coming of the Last Prophet and the signs accompanying his advent.
He then traveled to the Hijaz where he was seized, sold into slavery, and taken to Madinah, { Complete and True Servant with no will of his own, allowed himself to be a slave to meet Sayedena Muhammad (s) } where he eventually met the Prophet . When he found in the Prophet the fulfillment of all the signs of which he had been informed by his Christian teachers, he accepted Islam. Servitude prevented Salman from being at the battles of Badr and Uhud. The Messenger helped him gain his release from slavery by planting, with his own hand, 300 palm trees and giving him a large piece of gold. Once a free man, he took part in every subsequent battle with the Prophet [as].
In Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah, we find the following in Salman’s [as] account to the Prophet[as] of his journey in search of the true religion:
Asim ibn Umar ibn Qatada said that he was told that Salman the Persian[as] told the Prophet[as] that his master in Ammuriya told him to go to a certain place in Syria where there was a man who lived between two thickets. Every year as he went from one to the other, the sick stood along his way and everyone he prayed for was healed. He said, “Ask him about this religion which you seek, for he can tell you of it.” So I went on until I came to the place of which I had been told. I found that people had gathered there with their sick until he came out to them that night passing from one thicket to the other. The people came to him with their sick. Everyone he prayed for was healed. They prevented me from getting to him. I could not approach him until he entered the thicket to which he was headed. I took hold of his shoulder. He asked me who I was as he turned to me and I said, “God have mercy on you, tell me about the Hanafiya, the religion of Abraham .” He replied, “You are asking about something men do not inquire of today. The time has come near when a prophet will be sent with this religion from the people of the sacred area. Go to him, for he will bring you to it.” Then he went into the thicket. The Prophet said to Salman , “If you have told me the truth, you met Jesus the son of Mary .”
In one of the Prophet’s battles called al-Ahzab or al-Khandaq, Salman advised the Prophet to dig trenches around Madinah in defense of the city, a suggestion that the Prophet happily accepted. He then went ahead and helped the digging with his own hands. During this excavation, Salman struck upon a rock that he was unable to break. The Prophet took an axe and hit it. The first strike brought forth a spark. He then hit it a second time and brought forth a second spark. He then struck for the third time and brought forth a third spark.
He then asked Salman , “O Salman, did you see those sparks?” Salman replied, “Yes, O Prophet , indeed I did.” The Prophet said,
“The first spark gave me a vision in which God has opened Yemen for me.
With the second spark, God opened Damascus and al-Maghrib (the West).
And with the third one, God opened for me the East.”
Salman reported that the Prophet said:
“Nothing but supplication averts the Decree.
Nothing but righteousness increases life,” and “Your Lord is Munificent and Generous and is ashamed to turn away empty the hands of a servant when he raises them to him.”
At-Tabari recounts that in the year 16 AH/637 CE the Muslim army turned to the Persian front. In order to confront the Persian king at one point, the Muslim army found itself on the opposite bank of the great Tigris River. The commander of the army, Saad ibn Abi Waqqas , following a dream, ordered the entire army to plunge into the rushing river. Many people were afraid and hung back. Saad , with Salman by his side, prayed first, “May God grant us victory and defeat His enemy.” Then Salman prayed, “Islam generates good fortune. By God, crossing rivers has become as easy for the Muslims as crossing deserts. By Him in whose hand lies Salman’s soul, may the soldiers emerge from the water in the same numbers in which they entered it.” Saad and Salman then plunged into the Tigris. It is reported that the river was covered with horses and men. The horses swam and when they tired the river floor seemed to rise up and support them until they regained their breath. To some it seemed that the horses rode effortlessly on the waves. They emerged on the other bank, as Salman had prayed, having lost nothing from their equipment but one tin cup, and no one having drowned.
They went on to take the Persian capital. Salman acted as spokesman and said to the conquered Persians, “I have the same origin as you. I shall be compassionate toward you.
You have three options.
You may embrace Islam, then you will be our brethren and you will have the same privileges and obligations as we.
Or you may pay the tax of non-Muslims and we will govern you fairly.
Or we will declare war on you.” The Persians, having witnessed the miraculous crossing of the Muslim army, accepted the second alternative.
Salman al-Farsi was eventually appointed governor of that region. He was the commander of 30,000 Muslim troops. Yet, he was very humble. He lived from his own manual labor. He did not own a house, but instead rested under the shade of trees. He said that he was surprised to observe so many people spending all their life for the lower world, without a thought for the inevitable death which will take them from the world one day.
He was a very strict and just man. Among some spoils that were distributed one day was cloth out of which each Companion had one piece of clothing cut. One day Umar got up to speak and said, “Lower your voices so that you may hear me.” He was wearing two pieces of that cloth. Salman said “By God, we will not hear you, because you prefer yourself to your people.” “How is that?” asked Umar . He said: “You are wearing two pieces of cloth and everyone else is wearing only one.” Umar called out. “O Abd Allah!” Abd Allah, his son, answered, “At your service!” Umar said, “I ask you by God, do you confirm that the second piece is yours?” Abd Allah said, “Yes.” Salman said, “Now we shall hear you.”
Each night he prayed, and when he got tired he would start reciting dhikr with his tongue. When his tongue would get tired, he would contemplate and meditate on God’s power and greatness in creation. He would then say to himself, “O my ego, you took your rest, now get up and pray.” Then he would recite dhikr again, then meditate, and so forth all night long.
Bukhari relates two Traditions which show the Prophet’s consideration for Salman al-Farsi .
Abu Hurayra relates:
While we were sitting with the Holy Prophet , Surat al-Jumuah was revealed to him. When the Prophet recited the verse, “And He (God) has sent him (Muhammad) also to others (than the Arabs)” (62:3), I said, “Who are they, O God’s Messenger?” the Prophet did not reply until I repeated my question three times. At that time Salman al-Farsi was with us. God’s Messenger put his hand on Salman, saying, “If faith were at the Pleiades, even then some men from these people (i.e. Salman’s folk) would attain it.”
Abu Juhayfa relates:
The Prophet made a bond of brotherhood between Salman and Abu ad-Darda al-Ansari. Salman paid a visit to Abu ad-Darda and found Umm Darda (his wife) dressed in shabby clothes. He asked her why she was in that state. She said, “Your brother Abu ad-Darda is not interested in the luxuries of this world.” In the meantime Abu ad-Darda came and prepared a meal for Salman. Salman requested Abu ad-Darda to eat with him, but Abu ad-Darda said, “I am fasting.” Salman said, “I am not going to eat unless you eat.” So Abu ad-Darda ate with Salman. When it was night and a part of the night had passed, Abu ad-Darda got up (to offer the supererogatory night prayer), but Salman told him to sleep and Abu ad-Darda slept. After some time Abu ad-Darda again got up but Salman told him to sleep. When it was the last hours of the night, Salman told him to get up then, and both of them offered the prayer. Salman told Abu ad-Darda, “Your Lord has a right over you, your soul has a right over you, and your family has a right over you.” Abu ad-Darda narrated the whole story to the Prophet . The Prophet said, “Salman has spoken the truth.”
From His Sayings
Sulaiman al-Teemi narrated that Salman al-Farsi said:
Nimrod starved out two lions, and then released them to devour God’s bosom friend, Abraham. But when the lions reached him and by God’s leave, they stood before him in reverence, and they both lovingly licked him all over and prostrated themselves at his feet.
Abi al-Bakhtari narrated that Salman al-Farsi had a female servant of Persian descent and he once spoke to her in her Persian tongue saying, “Prostrate yourself even once before God.” She replied with disdain, “I do not prostrate to anyone!” Someone asked Salman, “O Abu Abd Allah, what would she benefit from a single prostration?” Salman replied, “Each link is an important part of a chain, and perhaps should this woman accept to offer a single prostration before God Almighty, then this may lead her to regularly engage in offering the five times prayers. In fact, one who has a share in the blessings of Islam is not equal to someone who has naught of it.”
Sulaiman al-Teemi narrated that Salman al-Farsi said:
If a man spends his entire night freeing slaves from bondage and another man spends his night reading the Quran and invoking the remembrance of God (dhikr), the second man would be in a higher state.
His Passing
Beloved Salman al-Farsi passed away in 33 AH/654 CE during the reign of Uthman . He passed his secret on to Abu Bakr’s grandson, Imam Abu Abd ar-Rahman Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr as-Siddiq .
Mawlana Qasim ibn Muhammad Ibn Abu Bakr