SUMMARY OF PETER ROBERTS' THEORY FOR THE NATURAL CREATION OF GRAVITATIONAL FORCE (GRAVITY) CAUSED BY THE PARTIAL ABSORPTION OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES AS THEY PASS THROUGH MATTER.
It is important to recognise that this is not a theory of how matter behaves in relation to gravitational force. Both Newton and Einstein did that satisfactorily. This theory provides a proposed, realistic, mechanism for how gravitational force is created—which neither Newton nor Einstein succeeded in doing.
The basis for the theory.
Before describing a theory, it is important to state up-front what are the assumptions on which it is based. These are called its presumptive tenets. If these are not acceptable to the reader, then the theory itself will not be accepted.
This theory has four presumptive tenets:
Firstly, that gravitational waves exist—as measured by the LIGO equipment in February 2016, having a frequency range of between 35 and 250 Hz, thus being extremely long wavelength, as predicted by General Relativity. It is reasonable to take this tenet as now being factual.
Secondly, that owing to the vastness of the universe with its quadrillions of galaxies and even greater number of gravity-generating events such as neutron star mergers, the universe is full of gravity waves travelling in all directions, such as to form an omni-directional flux, particularly in the more central regions of the universe. This is just the same as light travels across the universe from every direction.
Thirdly, as is easily demonstrable—gravitational waves pass through matter with great ease, in a similar way to x-rays, but with an immensely greater ease.
Fourthly, that—in the same way that light is absorbed by water, such that there is none left at a depth of a thousand metres—gravitational waves passing through a planet or a star are slightly absorbed, giving up energy to create a minute drag force on each atom.
None of these four tenets is far-fetched; certainly not when compared with the unbelievable invention of Newton's infinite attraction of atoms across the universe, nor when compared with Einstein's unbelievable proposition of an infinite distortion by matter of spacetime across the universe.
Let us look at the four tenets and consider them:
1 Gravity waves exist. The existence of gravitational waves has been proven by the LIGO detection equipment between 2016 and 2018.
2 Gravitational waves are everywhere. They travel out spherically from their sources, like light, and so are present throughout the universe in much the same way as is EMF radiation (light, radio waves, microwaves, or X-rays). I call this an omni-directional gravitational wave flux.
3 Gravitational waves penetrate matter easily; we just don't usually think about it. If I were to take you down a mineshaft that was, say, 2 km deep, and then if we were to walk along one of the mine workings, we would still be attached to the floor, wouldn't we? And if I were to pick up a small piece of rock from the floor and let go of it, it would fall to the floor with an acceleration of about 9.8 m/sec2 just the same as it would at the surface of the Earth. So, if gravity is affecting that small piece of stone, it must have penetrated either 2 km of rock cover from above, or over 6 thousand km of rock below from the core. Or both. We know that this is true. Either way, gravity travels through an entire planet or a star with ease.
4 Gravitational waves have a physical effect on matter. If we consider that the recently-detected gravitational waves penetrate and stretch the length of the arms of the LIGO apparatus, we can see that these waves are different from EMF waves. When gravitational waves interact with matter they have a physical effect The LIGO recordings show that they physically altered the length of the measuring arms in the apparatus. This proves that they penetrate matter and react with the atoms in the matter creating a physical drag.
The LIGO experiments confirmed that gravity waves interact physically with matter and actually drag the atoms of the test apparatus so that they physically change length. See the following quotation taken directly, and unaltered, from the CALTECH LIGO laboratory web site, referenced below.
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“A gravitational wave does stretch and squeeze the wavelength of the light in the arms, but it turns out that doesn't matter. What matters is how long the laser beams spend traveling in each arm. When a gravitational wave passes, it changes the lengths of the arms, which changes how far each laser beam needs to travel before being reunited with its partner beam."
"The result of a misalignment in merging laser beam light is an interference pattern, and the level of misalignment tells us how much the arms changed length during the light-beams' journeys.”
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It is, therefore, demonstrated that the four tenets upon which Roberts' theory is based are scientifically simple, effective, and observable processes that we see all about us in our scientific, engineering, and even domestic lives.
When you consider that Roberts’ theory is based on these simple truths, it is reasonable to expect that the theory be regarded as credible.
How is the force of gravity created?
The force of gravity is actually the response of matter to gravitational waves passing through it and creating a drag on the constituent atoms. Thus there is no direct, mystical ‘connection’ between the atoms of the Sun and the atoms of the Earth, as proposed mistakenly by Isaac Newton.
The mechanism is simple: the universe is full of gravitational waves. These were probably created in the big bang, and are still there, in the same way as is the Cosmic Background Radiation that scientists measure today. For the purposes of the theory, the source of gravitational waves is not critical.
Gravity does not extend its influence between objects across the universe.
In the case of a single planet, for example, the constant absorption of waves from every direction drags the constituent matter of the planet towards its centre. That’s how the planet formed in the first place. Similarly, any object or person standing at the planet’s surface is being dragged down towards the centre of the planet by the drag force being exerted on their atoms by incident gravitational waves. The net drag difference between full-strength waves coming into the planet from outer space and the depleted waves that have passed through the planet and are coming outwards, partially absorbed, is the force of gravity that we experience at the surface of the planet, being about 9.81 m/sec2.
In the case of two planets such as the Earth and the Moon, the reason that they are dragged towards each other is that between them there is a 'shadow' zone of depleted-amplitude gravitational waves, and so, both planets try to move into that zone. i.e. they try to move towards each other. This tendency is resisted by their orbiting centrifugal force. This concept is best appreciated using diagrams. So here are a few from my paper.
The first shows my first 1978 paper's concept for how gravitational waves impact on the nucleus of atoms, imparting a miniscule physical, not electromagnetic, drag on each atom. The overall effect is to impart a drag on the whole planet. It is highly stylised and can only be taken as being indicative of the concept.
The diagram below shows a planet such as Earth, and shows how a full-strength (full-amplitude) gravitational wave is degraded and balanced by an equally-degraded but opposite-direction wave to produce a net inward force of 9.8 m/sec2 at the Earth's surface. This principle applies to any cosmic body. It is what causes dust clouds to coalesce and form stars and planets. This means that gravity waves can be very powerful, because the force of gravity that we experience is the balance of two opposing-direction wave fronts: the incoming full-strength wave and the outgoing degraded-strength wave that has lost energy to the constituent atoms when imparting drag to them.
The diagram below shows the concept of the effect of wave degradation on two planets, causing them to try to move towards each other. The degradation of gravitational waves passing through both planets creates a 'shadow' effect between the planets such that there are fresh full-strength wave fronts incident on the 'outer' surfaces of the planets dragging them towards each other, but only lesser-strength gravitational waves trying to drag them apart. So, they automatically try to move towards each other unless they are held apart by the centrifugal force of an orbit.
Notice the important, and essential, point that the Moon does not drag the Earth towards it; the Earth is dragged by differential gravity wave absorption. Similarly, the Earth does not drag the Moon towards it, the Moon is dragged by differential gravity wave absorption. So there is no time lag to account for as distances become large, unlike both Newton's and Einstein's theories that have to allow the attraction to operate faster than the speed of light, which conflicts with the basic principle that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light.
Coming in from outside, there are full-strength waves dragging both the Earth and the Moon towards each other, but between them there are reduced strength waves which, when they enter, will try to drag each of them away from each other. The balance is the difference between the two. There is nothing in the form of any attractive force acting in the gap between the two planets. Under the Roberts theory all forces are generated internally within each body, and are caused by differential drags balancing out to create a net force without reference to any other matter.
This is the simple and logical explanation for why bodies do not need to be affected by one another gravitationally across the universe. They are not linked by some mysterious attractive force that somehow is supposed to exist between every atom.
Engineering Considerations
In closing, let us look at whether Roberts' theory supports what engineers measure in practice with common materials such as water or concrete. If we imagine the sea. At 1 m depth, the pressure is 1 tonne/sq m. At 2 m depth, it is 2 tonnes/sq m, and so on. At 10 m depth, the pressure is 10 tonnes/sq m. The reason for this is that the net gravitational drag downwards is applied to each atom in the water individually. Each atom experiences a force which would, if it weren't obstructed, accelerate it to the core of the Earth at the rate of 9.81 m/sec2. It is not that the water is experiencing a load from above. You can't apply a simple surcharge load to water, can you?
The same applies to a concrete column, as any civil engineer knows. The weight of a concrete column is a self-weight. i.e. a gravity-induced weight, such that at the top of the column there is no vertical stress, and the internal stress increases linearly downwards until the bottom of the column is reached. That is because gravity is acting internally within the column dragging it downwards and stressing it increasingly downwards from top to bottom.
Unlike water or gas, solid materials can transmit loads and can, therefore, support a surcharge. If we have a vertical column of, say, expanded polystyrene which has virtually no self-weight, we can place a surcharge on the top of, say, 10 kg/sq m, and the stress downwards in the polystyrene will be the same all the way to its base—10 kg/m2. That is a surcharge load. Gravity doesn't impose such an externally-applied load on things. Gravity is not a surface pressure forcing things downwards. it is an internally felt force dragging the constituent atoms of matter downwards towards the centre of the Earth.
So why is Roberts' theory at all relevant? Roberts' theory is the first working theory to be proposed for the actual localised production of gravity, and one that avoids the 'faster than light' paradox of Newton's and Einstein's theory.
Roberts' theory explains the greater pressure created in materials of greater density. The greater the density of the body, the greater the absorption of the gravity waves, and the greater the differential between the fresh incoming waves and the heavily absorbed and depleted outgoing waves that have passed through the planetary matter. This results in a greater net difference and a greater inward net drag on the constituent atoms.
Roberts' theory also explains the laws of momentum and inertia, which no other gravitational theory addresses. There is also no other theory available that explains the generation of both inertia and momentum. Roberts' theory does and neither Newton's nor Einstein's do. Again, diagrams explain this more clearly. And my forthcoming paper contains more than a hundred diagrams. In the diagram below, showing a 1 tonne object suspended on a balance, as explained in the paper, accelerating the object laterally, creates a synthetic gravitational resistance directly proportional to its mass. You are accelerating the object through the gravitational field and thus causing a resistance to every atom in the mass. Hence, the theory provides a reason, for the first time, why inertia is directly proportional to mass.
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Also, the theory explains why momentum and inertia are exactly the same thing and not two different things. It is very interesting.
To date, there is no observation we can make that is contradicted by the behaviour of Roberts' theory, and therefore, not only must it be taken seriously, but it must be recognised that there is no other competing theory in existence for the creation of gravitational force.
What I do consider to be most important is not whether I am ultimately proven to be correct or incorrect, but that my theory of a possible mechanism for the creation of gravitational force itself is the first one ever to be put forward. And it is the first one whose working mechanism fits in with all the things we observe and with the mathematics of the great Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. It supplies the 'missing element' that they could not provide.
My theory is radical in its simplicity and does not contradict the Einsteinian mathematical and metaphysical theoretical modelling of the universe that has so carefully been constructed without bringing us one step closer to being able to understand how gravity is created, how to control it, or how to create it. Given these harsh facts, does it not seem reasonable to ask people to give this theory of natural gravitational force creation some serious consideration. It cannot be any worse than the present situation, can it? And if it is correct, then, surely, it will lead to new avenues of research that will change our world on terms of every aspect of our lives, such as transport and energy, to mention only two.
Doesn't that make any sensible person think that, maybe, hundreds and hundreds of mathematicians and physicists have been barking up the wrong tree for all of these hundreds of years? Think about it.
I hope that this brief summary of what is an extensive theory has helped you.
Regards,
Peter Roberts.