NAMBLA

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Only with your help can NAMBLA continue its work.  See if you agree why NAMBLA matters:
  • For 30 years, NAMBLA has been the primary voice testifying to the benevolent aspects of man/boy love.
  • NAMBLA has been, and continues to be, a beacon of moral support for all individuals who feel a natural love for boys.
  • Through our web site and publications, NAMBLA provides a public forum for a diverse range of viewpoints supporting sexual liberation and youth liberation.
  • NAMBLA is the only organization that specifically supports incarcerated individuals who identify as boy lovers or who otherwise agree with our aims.
  • NAMBLA has celebrated the dignity inherent in the natural love of boys.
  • NAMBLA has been a bulwark against the lies and pejoratives of a venal abuse industry and opportunistic politicians and law enforcement officials.  Exposing these lies is important not only for man/boy lovers but for all people who value democracy, since its foundation is a well-informed electorate.
  • NAMBLA has consistently protested ill advised wars that needlessly maim and kill young people and devastate families here and abroad.  Even before it started, NAMBLA warned against the Iraq invasion.  Our warning was on our Web site long before many of the politicians, who belatedly recognized their immense error, echoed our concerns.
  • NAMBLA has spoken out strongly against the shoddy and disrespectful treatment afforded youth in our society and the resulting high rates of child and youth poverty, neglect and alienation.
  • NAMBLA has consistently highlighted injustices and harm in age of consent laws.  Instead of protecting young people, these laws have done the very opposite.

What Is Man/Boy Love?

Man/Boy Love: Propaganda versus reality

To explain man/boy love today, one must first explain what it is not: It is not what you view on television or read in newspapers. It’s not what you hear on Oprah or Geraldo, nor is it the propaganda put out by police and politicians.

It’s the love of a man for a boy, and of a boy for a man. Enjoyable, consensual, beautiful.




The Love that Dare Not Speak Its Name

The "Love that dare not speak its name" in this century is such a great affection of an elder for a younger man as there was between David and Jonathan, such as Plato made the very basis of his philosophy, and such as you find in the sonnets of Michelangelo and Shakespeare. It is that deep, spiritual affection that is as pure as it is perfect. It dictates and pervades great works of art like those of Shakespeare and Michelangelo, and those two letters of mine, such as they are. It is in this century misunderstood, so much misunderstood that it may be described as the "Love that dare not speak its name," and on account of it I am placed where I am now. It is beautiful, it is fine, it is the noblest form of affection. There is nothing unnatural about it. It is intellectual, and it repeatedly exists between an elder and a younger man, when the elder man has intellect, and the younger man has all the joy, hope and glamour of life before him. That it should be so, the world does not understand. The world mocks at it and sometimes puts one in the pillory for it.

~ Oscar Wilde, playwright




Who We Are

As never before, our society is beginning to recognize the value and richness of human diversity.  The manifold nature of our humanity appears in the emotional, spiritual, and physical attractions between people.  Attractions between men and boys can be found in every society, crossing lines of race, age, temperament and occupation.  They form a sure basis for mentoring and friendship traditions the world over.  Man/boy love is exceptional only for the degree to which it is still misunderstood in cultures derived from Northwestern Europe.  Most man/boy relationships are based on mutual respect and affection, and strongly desired by both partners.  Such relationships do not harm anyone, and often entail many benefits for both man and boy.  Boy-lovers and boys alike respond to the needs of those they love — needs for affection, understanding, and freedom. 

Who we are is perhaps best understood from Dr. John Money’s account of two boys, who speak about how they view their adult lovers: Andy – “Just as normal as anybody else.  He is like a second father to me.”  Burt – “He’s neat; and he’s nice, and gives me more respect than anyone ever has ...  he treats me like an adult, not like my parents treat me.  To me, he’s my best friend.”

Frequently Asked Questions About NAMBLA and Man/Boy Love
Q:  What do you seek to accomplish?

A:  NAMBLA was formed in the belief that if people knew more about the actual nature of typical man/boy love relationships, that there would be less unjust scapegoating and persecution of boys and men who have such relationships.


Q:  Why do you oppose age-of-consent laws?

A:  Opposing age-of-consent laws is not our only focus; it is one part of our broader criticism of North American social and legal practices.  We believe that these laws do great harm to people and relationships that do not deserve to feel the crushing weight of the heavy hand of the law.  Just as important, age-of-consent laws do not adequately protect young people.  They have often been applied arbitrarily and unjustly, and have long been used to terrorize gay males.  Gay youth in particular have been targets of extreme persecution through the selective application of age-of-consent laws.


Q:  What is this “ageism” you refer to?

A:  Ageism refers to age-based discrimination, and includes the tendency to discount and devalue the feelings and opinions of children and youth.  This tendency pervades our society and has implications in every area of a young person’s daily life: at home, at work, while shopping, hanging out with friends or going places, and especially at school.  It has the socially corrosive -- and costly -- effect of breeding fear and distrust between the generations and isolating them from each other.


Q:  What do you propose in place of age-of-consent laws?

A:  Age-of-consent laws are those which say that if you are under a certain age, then what you say doesn’t matter.  We believe young people would be much better protected by laws -- and social attitudes -- that take their opinions, feelings and decisions into consideration.  We have never proposed specific laws, but in general we advocate changes in society and the law to include greater respect and consideration for children and youth -- not merely in the abstract, but in each individual case.  We reject the cookie-cutter approach often used by authorities, moralists, and legislators who presume to know what someone wants without asking them, and who claim to know what is best for every person without having met them.  Individualism -- the belief that each person is important and deserving of respect -- is one of the core founding values of North American society.  We advocate for a society that lives up to this ideal, as it applies to people of all ages.


Q:  How can society best protect vulnerable people?

A:  The claim is made that age-of-consent laws protect the vulnerable.  In practice, they give undue power to those who already have power -- police and prosecutors -- while removing power from some of society’s most vulnerable populations -- notably, gay youth.  We believe that vulnerable people are better served by giving them more choices, not fewer.  Children and youth can be made less vulnerable by giving them more options.  Those who need to escape abusive family members or other abusive situations need more options than we as a society currently provide them with.  Those who live in poverty, those who face racial, religious, and sexual prejudice -- all need more options, not fewer.


Q:  You make this seem like such a noble cause, but isn’t it really just a selfish one?

A:  There is a much bigger dimension to the issues we raise, with implications for everyone.  The interest that all people share in widespread access to truthful information is more than just philosophical.  Too often, politicians take advantage of gaps in public knowledge, and play on public fears to divert attention from their own actions.  When they are allowed to do this, the result is bad government for everyone (something we’ve all seen plenty of in the last few decades).  Our efforts to educate the public on the issues of man/boy love, ageism and anti-sexualism are intended  to help bring about better informed public policy and an electorate less vulnerable to politicians who would use their fears against them. 


Q:  Do you believe it’s possible for a boy and a man to have a close, even sexual relationship, without any harm?

A:  Yes it’s possible, and it happens every day.  Many studies have confirmed that the large majority of sexual contacts between boys and older partners are both consensual and harmless.  See below for a listing of some of these published, peer-reviewed studies.


Q:  But aren’t these relationships always initiated by the adult?

A:  No.  We know from experience that some boys do initiate sexual contacts with adults.  This is confirmed by several published studies, which have found that a substantial percentage of boys' sexual contacts with older partners were initiated by the boy (see references below for details). 


Q:  Do you believe there are actually boys who find men attractive that way?

A:  It is well established that some boys do find men very attractive.  Certainly, plenty of gay men have reported being infatuated during early- and middle-childhood (5 to 10 years of age) with masculine icons such as the “Marlboro Man” and even Peter Graves, the silver-haired leading man of Mission Impossible.  Gay novels, biographies and autobiographies provide abundant examples.  And not all boys who find men attractive identify as gay.  It is very easy to underestimate the sheer scale of the multidimensional rainbow of human diversity -- and the strength of teenaged male sexuality. 


Q:  Ok, but if a boy does come on to you, wouldn’t  it be better simply to refuse the advance?

A:  If your concern is for the safety of the man (any man), in today’s climate, then the answer is probably, yes -- walk away, and stay away, and just don’t have anything to do with kids in general.  But boys take rejection very hard, and they take isolation even harder.  It has a deeply negative effect on their outlook, which can have lifelong implications -- and broad implications for society.   Unfortunately, this kind of self-segregation of men from boys has become a major social problem in its own right -- a problem which will never be solved while man/boy love is stigmatized as harshly as it is now.


Q:  So, does this mean you believe the relationship can benefit the boy?

A:  We know it can; some of us have seen examples in person.  And several peer-reviewed studies have shown that boys who have consenting relationships with men usually feel positively about their relationship and feel that the relationship has had a positive effect on them.


Q:  Ok, so if sex is so great, why do educators and doctors tell us it's harmful to kids?

A:  Well, people in very similar positions used to say with authority that masturbation would cause insanity and physical infirmity.  They told us that gay men had mis-shapen penises and weak fathers, and that women who didn’t bear children would go crazy.  They recommended clitoridectomy for girls who masturbated and circumcision for boys to prevent them from doing so.  Few know that this is the sole reason why infant circumcision became a routine practice in Western Europe and the U.S. in the late 19th-century (of course, it didn’t work, and the practice was discontinued in Europe).1


Q:  But isn’t the harmfulness of sex supported by scientific research?

A:  Actually, no it isn’t.  Peer-reviewed studies have shown clearly that there is nothing intrinsically harmful about sexual experiences between boys and men.  For a full explanation, see:  Outcomes: Can Science Shed Some Light?


Footnotes:

1. John Money. The destroying angel: Sex, fitness, and food in the legacy of degeneracy theory, Graham Crackers, Kellogg's Corn Flakes, and American health history. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1985.

Science and Social Research / Psychology

Outcomes of Man/Boy Sexual Relationships
Can Science Shed Some Light?
 by David Miller
Sexual intimacy is such a wonderful way to share mutual feelings of affection and caring.  A good sexual relationship with one's partner has been positively linked, in popular reports, to various measures of health and well-being.  Where married couples in the "missionary position" are concerned, even many strict religious fundamentalists are agreed that sexual intimacy is a good thing.
So how is it that something so wonderful for the "right" people is so terrible as it is made out to be for others?  Can sex really transform from a damaging experience (for young people) into a perfectly wholesome experience (for adults) in the course of a couple of years, as official attitudes would have us believe?  And if so, how does this happen?
The fact is no one has proposed a coherent theory to explain how the same physical act can be transformed from traumatic to wonderful, based solely -- like our harshest laws -- on the ages of the participants.
Not only is there no such theory, there is also no body of evidence to indicate that such an age-based transformation occurs.  Firstly, most sexual experiences of boys are not viewed by them as negative experiences, much less "traumatic" (see bibliography below for extensive references).  Secondly, where an experience is viewed negatively, or as a source of trauma, the evidence overwhelmingly points to (lack of) consent as the factor that explains why the experience was not positive.  This passes Occam's test of simplicity of explanation, and is remarkably consistent with common sense -- i.e., willing sex = good ;  unwilling sex = bad.
The purpose of this article is to look at what the scientific literature on the sexual experiences of boys actually can tell us about the sexual aspect of man/boy love -- it's nature and outcomes.  First, I will review some reasons why some studies appear to show harm resulting from man/boy relationships.  Then I will list the actual finding of research point by point, with references.  In a later work, I hope to elaborate on these points.


What About All Those Studies?

If you think man/boy sexual relationships are likely to be harmful, you are not alone.  Many are convinced that science confirms popular condemnations of man/boy love.  Most often, harm is taken for granted as an inevitable or at least a likely outcome of any sexual contact between a legal minor and someone older.  In some cases, referances are cited.  And there is a large body of published studies to draw upon which tend to reinforce this view.  But we must be careful when research is cited, to observe not only the methods used, but also the actual findings of the study.
Most of the many studies that find sex is harmful do so by systematically excluding consensual (“willing”) relationships from their samples, by a wide variety of creative means.  In some cases, they simply pose the question, “did the experience involve force or coercion?” and those who answer No are excluded from the final result (for example, Finkelhor, 1979 -- one of the most widely cited books in the entire field of social science).  In other cases they sample only from clinical settings such as rape crisis centers (e.g. Browne & Finkelhor, 1986; Kendall-Tackett, Williams, and Finkelhor, 1992 -- also very widely cited).

And still other studies include both consensual and non-consensual experiences, then find correlations with harm that are predictably much weaker than those found by studies of only non-consensual experiences -- yet these weak correlations, entirely explainable by the inclusion of non-consensual experiences in the sample (called aggregation bias) are used as a basis to claim or at least imply that the consensual experiences were responsible for the correlation with later life problems, with the extreme weakness of the association being glossed over (e.g. Urquiza and Capra, 1990).

In fact, while hundreds of studies have shown a weak correlation between non-consensual sex and later life problems (stronger correlations are found when the window of circumstances is narrowed to include only the most abusive cases), no study of any statistically useable sample size has ever looked at boys’ consensual sexual experiences and found them to be harmful.

The question was essentially put to rest by two important meta-analyses (Rind and Tromovitch, 1997; Rind, Tromovitch and Bauserman, 1998).  These studies, using the most rigorous of all scientific methods, found that correlations between boys’ sexual experiences and later life problems dissappeared when non-consensual experiences were excluded.  One of these studies, by virtue of its higher-profile publication, received a great deal of public criticism -- but importantly, no author of any of the original research that these authors analyzed has joined this criticism.

The Actual Findings
Below is a list of published studies relevant to questions frequently asked of NAMBLA.   For convenience, the list is grouped into particular points of interest and the studies relevant to that point.  The list of studies supporting each point is hardly exhaustive, but taken together, this list fully and accurately represents the range of actual research findings available relevant to these questions.  To those who are inclined to further study of this subject, the bibliographies that may be found at the back of each of these articles or books will serve as invaluable research tools.

The available research supports the following conclusions:

1. Most sexual contacts between boys and older partners are consensual -- in academic terms, they are not forced or coerced.

Baurmann, M. C. (1983). Sexualitat, gewalt und psychische folgen. Wiesbaden: Bundeskriminalamt.  
Sponsored by the German Ministry of Justice, this is probably the largest study of sexual violence against minors ever conducted.  The researchers reviewed every reported case of rape against a person under 21 and every reported case of illegal sexual contacts with a person under 14.  The sample included approx. 8,000 girls and approx. 800 boys.  A subset of the cases, including 114 boys, were closely examined using two objective psychological tests and two different methods of subjective evaluation in each case.  While half of the girls had reported being coerced or forced (this group was primarily teenaged girls raped by males in their twenties), none of the boys in the sample reported coercion in their experience.

Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. (1998). A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 22-53.
A “meta-analysis” is a study of multiple studies, in which samples are statistically combined to achieve a more statistically powerful result.   The method has been used in many fields of study and is highly regarded among researchers.   This meta-analysis included 59 different studies of “child sexual abuse.”

Finkelhor, D. (1979). Sexually victimized children. New York: Free Press.
Finkelhor is a masterful spin-doctor, but in this book he makes two mistakes: It seems evident here that his career is based on a desire to discredit the social movements of the 1960s, but more importantly, the text tells several bald-faced lies about the data he collected.  He reports that among his non-clinical sample of 84 boys who had sexual contacts with older partners, 33%


2. Boys who have sexual contacts with older partners usually feel the experience was harmless or beneficial.

Baker, A. W. & Duncan, S. P. (1985). Child sexual abuse: A study of prevalence in Great Britain. Child Abuse & Neglect, 9, 457-467.
This study of a nationally representative population sample, is among the largest and best-sampled studies ever conducted on sexual experiences of the general population.  The actual findings of this study are extremely eye-opening, despite the authors' apparently strong sex-negative bias.
Li, C. K., West, D. J., and Woodhouse, T. P. (1993). Children’s sexual encounters with adults. Buffalo: Prometheus.
West was the Director of the Institute of Criminology, and Professor of Clinical Criminology at the University of Cambridge, where he was a Fellow of Darwin College.

3. Boys who have sexual contacts with older partners usually do not feel negatively about the experience.

Finkelhor, D. (1979). Sexually victimized children. New York: Free Press.

Fromuth, M. E., & Burkhart, B. R. (1987). Sexual victimization among college men: Definitional and methodological issues. Violence Victims, 2, 241-253.

Goldman, R. J., & Goldman, J. D. G., (1988). The prevalence and nature of child sexual abuse in Australia. Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage, and Family, 9, 94-106.

Li, C. K., West, D. J., and Woodhouse, T. P. (1993). Children’s sexual encounters with adults. Buffalo: Prometheus.

Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. (1998). A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 22-53.

Schultz, L., & Jones, P. (1983). Sexual abuse of children: Issues for social service and health professionals. Child Welfare, 62, 99-108.

4. Many boys who have sexual contacts with older partners report strongly positive feelings about the experience.

Okami, P. (1991). Self-reports of “positive” childhood and adolescent sexual contacts with older persons: An exploratory study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20, 437-457.

Sandfort, T. G. M. (1982). The sexual aspect of paedophile relations.  Amsterdam:  Pan/Spartacus.

Sandfort, T. G. M. (1984). Sex in pedophiliac relationships: An empirical investigation among a non-representative group of boys. The Journal of Sex Research, 20, 123-142.

Sandfort, T. G. M. (1987). Boys on their contacts with men. Elmhurst, New York: Global Academic Publishers.

Tindall, R. H. (1978). The male adolescent involved with a pederast becomes an adult. Journal of Homosexuality, 3, 373-382.

5. Boys who have non-coerced sexual contacts with older partners are not psychologically less adjusted than other males.

Bauserman, R., & Rind, B. (1997). Psychological correlates of male child and adolescent sexual experience with adults: A review of the nonclinical literature. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26, 105-141.

Coxell, A., King, M., Mezey, G., & Gordon, D. (1999).  Lifetime prevalence, characteristics, and associated problems of non-consensual sex in men: Cross sectional survey.  British Medical Journal, 318, pp. 846-850.

Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. (1998). A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 22-53.


6.  The degree to which a boy feels free to guide or to end the contacts, i.e. the degree of consent, is the single largest determining factor in whether he will feel negatively about the experience and whether it will affect his psychological adjustment.

Bauserman, R., & Rind, B. (1997). Psychological correlates of male child and adolescent sexual experience with adults: A review of the nonclinical literature. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26, 105-141.

Constantine, L. L. (1981). The effects of early sexual experience: A review and synthesis of research. In L. L. Constantine & F.M. Martinson (Eds.), Children and sex (pp. 217-244). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

Constantine, L. L. (1983). Child sexuality: Recent developments and implications for treatment, prevention, and social policy. International Journal of Medicine and Law, 1983, #2, 55-67.

Coxell, A., King, M., Mezey, G., & Gordon, D. (1999).  Lifetime prevalence, characteristics, and associated problems of non-consensual sex in men: Cross sectional survey.  British Medical Journal, 318, pp. 846-850.

Finkelhor, D. (1979). Sexually victimized children. New York: Free Press.

7. The age at which someone has a sexual experience is not a useful predictor of their later psychological adjustment.

Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. (1998). A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 22-53.


8. The particular physical act that occurs during consensual sexual contacts between a boy and an older partner is not a useful predictor of his later psychological adjustment.

Bauserman, R., & Rind, B. (1997). Psychological correlates of male child and adolescent sexual experience with adults: A review of the nonclinical literature. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26, 105-141.

Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. (1998). A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 22-53.


9.  Men who love boys cannot be distinguished from other men on standard personality inventories and other psychological tests.


Okami, Paul and Goldberg, Amy  "Personality Correlates of Pedophilia: Are They Reliable Indicators?" Journal of Sex Research, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 297-328, August, 1992.


Here are some of the most widely cited publications finding a correlation between non-consensual sex and negative outcomes, often mis-used to condemn consensual sex:
Finkelhor, D. (1979). Sexually victimized children. New York: Free Press.

Browne, A., & Finkelhor, D. (1986). Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of the research. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 66-77.

Kendall-Tackett, K. A., Williams, L. M., & Finkelhor, D. (1993). Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 164-180.

Urquiza, A. J., & Capra, M. (1990). “The Impact of Sexual Abuse: Initial and Long-Term Effects.” In M. Hunter (Ed.) The Sexually Abused Male: Prevalence, Impact, and Treatment - Volume 1. (pp. 105-135).  Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.