Great Books

7:02 AM | BY ZeroDivide EDIT
Any recommended set of great books is expected to change with the times, as reflected in the following statement by Robert Hutchins:
In the course of history ... new books have been written that have won their place in the list. Books once thought entitled to belong to it have been superseded; and this process of change will continue as long as men can think and write. It is the task of every generation to reassess the tradition in which it lives, to discard what it cannot use, and to bring into context with the distant and intermediate past the most recent contributions to the Great Conversation.[43]
The following is an example list compiled from How to Read a Book by Mortimer Adler (1940), and How to Read a Book, 2nd ed. by Mortimer Adler and Charles Van Doren (1972):
  1. Homer – Iliad; Odyssey
  2. The Old Testament
  3. Aeschylus – Tragedies
  4. Sophocles – Tragedies
  5. Herodotus – Histories
  6. Euripides – Tragedies
  7. Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War
  8. Hippocrates – Medical Writings
  9. Aristophanes – Comedies
  10. Plato – Dialogues
  11. Aristotle – Works
  12. Epicurus – "Letter to Herodotus"; "Letter to Menoecus"
  13. Euclid – Elements
  14. Archimedes – Works
  15. Apollonius – Conics
  16. Cicero – Works (esp. Orations; On Friendship; On Old Age; Republic;Laws; Tusculan Disputations; Offices)
  17. Lucretius – On the Nature of Things
  18. Virgil – Works (esp. Aeneid)
  19. Horace – Works (esp. Odes and Epodes; The Art of Poetry)
  20. Livy – History of Rome
  21. Ovid – Works (esp. Metamorphoses)
  22. Quintilian – Institutes of Oratory
  23. Plutarch – Parallel Lives; Moralia
  24. Tacitus – Histories; Annals; Agricola; Germania; Dialogus de oratoribus (Dialogue on Oratory)
  25. Nicomachus of Gerasa – Introduction to Arithmetic
  26. Epictetus – Discourses; Enchiridion
  27. Ptolemy – Almagest
  28. Lucian – Works (esp. The Way to Write History; The True History; The Sale of Creeds; Alexander the Oracle Monger; Charon; The Sale of Lives; The Fisherman; Dialogue of the Gods; Dialogues of the Sea-Gods; Dialogues of the Dead)
  29. Marcus Aurelius – Meditations
  30. Galen – On the Natural Faculties
  31. The New Testament
  32. Plotinus – The Enneads
  33. St. Augustine – "On the Teacher"; Confessions; City of God; On Christian Doctrine
  34. The Volsungs Saga or Nibelungenlied
  35. The Song of Roland
  36. The Saga of Burnt Njál
  37. Maimonides – The Guide for the Perplexed
  38. St. Thomas Aquinas – Of Being and Essence; Summa Contra Gentiles; Of the Governance of Rulers; Summa Theologica
  39. Dante Alighieri – The New Life (La Vita Nuova); "On Monarchy"; Divine Comedy
  40. Geoffrey Chaucer – Troilus and Criseyde; The Canterbury Tales
  41. Thomas à Kempis – The Imitation of Christ
  42. Leonardo da Vinci – Notebooks
  43. Niccolò Machiavelli – The Prince; Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy
  44. Desiderius Erasmus – The Praise of Folly; Colloquies
  45. Nicolaus Copernicus – On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
  46. Thomas More – Utopia
  47. Martin Luther – Table Talk; Three Treatises
  48. François Rabelais – Gargantua and Pantagruel
  49. John Calvin – Institutes of the Christian Religion
  50. Michel de Montaigne – Essays
  51. William Gilbert – On the Lodestone and Magnetic Bodies
  52. Miguel de Cervantes – Don Quixote
  53. Edmund Spenser – Prothalamion; The Faerie Queene
  54. Francis Bacon – Essays; The Advancement of Learning; Novum Organum; New Atlantis
  55. William Shakespeare – Poetry and Plays
  56. Galileo Galilei – Starry Messenger; Two New Sciences
  57. Johannes Kepler – The Epitome of Copernican Astronomy;Harmonices Mundi
  58. William Harvey – On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals; On the Circulation of the Blood; Generation of Animals
  59. Grotius – The Law of War and Peace
  60. Thomas Hobbes – Leviathan; Elements of Philsophy
  61. René Descartes – Rules for the Direction of the Mind; Discourse on the Method; Geometry; Meditations on First Philosophy; Principles of Philosophy; The Passions of the Soul
  62. Corneille – Tragedies (esp. The Cid, Cinna)
  63. John Milton – Works (esp. the minor poems; Areopagitica; Paradise Lost; Samson Agonistes)
  64. Molière – Comedies (esp. The Miser; The School for Wives; The Misanthrope; The Doctor in Spite of Himself; Tartuffe; The Tradesman Turned Gentleman; The Imaginary Invalid; The Affected Ladies)
  65. Blaise Pascal – The Provincial Letters; Pensées; Scientific Treatises
  66. Boyle – The Sceptical Chemist
  67. Christiaan Huygens – Treatise on Light
  68. Benedict de Spinoza – Political Treatises; Ethics
  69. John Locke – A Letter Concerning Toleration; Of Civil Government; An Essay Concerning Human Understanding; Some Thoughts Concerning Education
  70. Jean Baptiste Racine – Tragedies (esp. Andromache; Phaedra; Athalie(Athaliah))
  71. Isaac Newton – Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy;Opticks
  72. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – Discourse on Metaphysics; New Essays on Human Understanding; Monadology
  73. Daniel Defoe – Robinson Crusoe; Moll Flanders
  74. Jonathan Swift – The Battle of the Books; A Tale of a Tub; A Journal to Stella; Gulliver's Travels; A Modest Proposal
  75. William Congreve – The Way of the World
  76. George Berkeley – A New Theory of Vision; A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
  77. Alexander Pope – An Essay on Criticism; The Rape of the Lock; An Essay on Man
  78. Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu – Persian Letters; The Spirit of the Laws
  79. Voltaire – Letters on the English; Candide; Philosophical Dictionary
  80. Henry Fielding – Joseph Andrews; Tom Jones
  81. Samuel Johnson – The Vanity of Human Wishes; Dictionary;Rasselas; Lives of the Poets
  82. David Hume – A Treatise of Human Nature; Essays Moral and Political; An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding; History of England
  83. Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Discourse on Inequality; On Political Economy; Emile; The Social Contract; Confessions
  84. Laurence Sterne – Tristram Shandy; A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy
  85. Adam Smith – The Theory of Moral Sentiments; The Wealth of Nations
  86. William Blackstone – Commentaries on the Laws of England
  87. Immanuel Kant – Critique of Pure Reason; Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals; Critique of Practical Reason; Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics; The Science of Right; Critique of Judgment;Perpetual Peace
  88. Edward Gibbon – The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire; Autobiography
  89. James Boswell – Journal; The Life of Samuel Johnson
  90. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier – Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elements of Chemistry)
  91. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison – Federalist Papers (together with the Articles of Confederation; United States Constitution and United States Declaration of Independence)
  92. Jeremy Bentham – Comment on the Commentaries; Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation; Theory of Fictions
  93. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Faust; Poetry and Truth
  94. Thomas Robert Malthus – An Essay on the Principle of Population
  95. John Dalton – A New System of Chemical Philosophy
  96. Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier – Analytical Theory of Heat
  97. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel – The Phenomenology of Spirit;Science of Logic; Elements of the Philosophy of Right; Lectures on the Philosophy of History
  98. William Wordsworth – Poems (esp. Lyrical Ballads; Lucy poems; sonnets; The Prelude)
  99. Samuel Taylor Coleridge – Poems (esp. Kubla Khan; The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ); Biographia Literaria
  100. David Ricardo – On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
  101. Jane Austen – Pride and Prejudice; Emma
  102. Carl von Clausewitz – On War
  103. Stendhal – The Red and the Black; The Charterhouse of Parma; On Love
  104. François Guizot – History of Civilization in France
  105. Lord Byron – Don Juan
  106. Arthur Schopenhauer – Studies in Pessimism
  107. Michael Faraday – The Chemical History of a Candle; Experimental Researches in Electricity
  108. Nikolai Lobachevsky – Geometrical Researches on the Theory of Parallels
  109. Charles Lyell – Principles of Geology
  110. Auguste Comte – The Positive Philosophy
  111. Honoré de Balzac – Works (esp. Le Père Goriot; Le Cousin Pons;Eugénie Grandet; Cousin Bette; César Birotteau)
  112. Ralph Waldo Emerson – Representative Men; Essays; Journal
  113. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter
  114. Alexis de Tocqueville – Democracy in America
  115. John Stuart Mill – A System of Logic; Principles of Political Economy;On Liberty; Considerations on Representative Government;Utilitarianism; The Subjection of Women; Autobiography
  116. Charles Darwin – On the Origin of Species; The Descent of Man;Autobiography
  117. William Makepeace Thackeray – Works (esp. Vanity Fair; The History of Henry Esmond; The Virginians; Pendennis)
  118. Charles Dickens – Works (esp. Pickwick Papers; Our Mutual Friend;David Copperfield; Dombey and Son; Oliver Twist; A Tale of Two Cities; Hard Times)
  119. Claude Bernard – Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine
  120. George Boole – The Laws of Thought
  121. Henry David Thoreau – Civil Disobedience; Walden
  122. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels – Das Kapital (Capital); The Communist Manifesto
  123. George Eliot – Adam Bede; Middlemarch
  124. Herman Melville – Typee; Moby-Dick; Billy Budd
  125. Fyodor Dostoyevsky – Crime and Punishment; The Idiot; The Brothers Karamazov
  126. Gustave Flaubert – Madame Bovary; Three Stories
  127. Henry Thomas Buckle – A History of Civilization in England
  128. Francis Galton – Inquiries into Human Faculties and Its Development
  129. Bernhard Riemann – The Hypotheses of Geometry
  130. Henrik Ibsen – Plays (esp. Peer Gynt; Brand; Hedda Gabler; Emperor and Galilean; A Doll's House; The Wild Duck; The Master Builder)
  131. Leo Tolstoy – War and Peace; Anna Karenina; "What Is Art?"; Twenty-Three Tales
  132. Richard Dedekind – Theory of Numbers
  133. Wilhelm Wundt – Physiological Psychology; Outline of Psychology
  134. Mark Twain – The Innocents Abroad; Adventures of Huckleberry Finn;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court; The Mysterious Stranger
  135. Henry Adams – History of the United States; Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres; The Education of Henry Adams; Degradation of Democratic Dogma
  136. Charles Peirce – Chance, Love, and Logic; Collected Papers
  137. William Sumner – Folkways
  138. Oliver Wendell Holmes – The Common Law; Collected Legal Papers
  139. William James – Principles of Psychology; The Varieties of Religious Experience; Pragmatism; A Pluralistic Universe; Essays in Radical Empiricism
  140. Henry James – The American; The Ambassadors
  141. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche – Thus Spoke Zarathustra; Beyond Good and Evil; On the Genealogy of Morality; The Will to Power; Twilight of the Idols; The Antichrist
  142. Georg Cantor – Transfinite Numbers
  143. Jules Henri Poincaré – Science and Hypothesis; Science and Method;The Foundations of Science
  144. Sigmund Freud – The Interpretation of Dreams; Three Essays to the Theory of Sex; Introduction to Psychoanalysis; Beyond the Pleasure Principle; Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego; The Ego and the Id; Civilization and Its Discontents; New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
  145. George Bernard Shaw – Plays and Prefaces
  146. Max Planck – Origin and Development of the Quantum Theory; Where Is Science Going?; Scientific Autobiography
  147. Henri Bergson – Time and Free Will; Matter and Memory; Creative Evolution; The Two Sources of Morality and Religion
  148. John Dewey – How We Think; Democracy and Education; Experience and Nature; The Quest for Certainty; Logic – The Theory of Inquiry
  149. Alfred North Whitehead – A Treatise on Universal Algebra; An Introduction to Mathematics; Science and the Modern World; Process and Reality; The Aims of Education and Other Essays; Adventures of Ideas
  150. George Santayana – The Life of Reason; Scepticism and Animal Faith; The Realms of Being (which discusses the Realms of Essence, Matter and Truth); Persons and Places
  151. Vladimir Lenin – Imperialism; The State and Revolution
  152. Marcel Proust – In Search of Lost Time (formerly translated asRemembrance of Things Past)
  153. Bertrand Russell – Principles of Mathematics; The Problems of Philosophy; Principia Mathematica; The Analysis of Mind; An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth; Human Knowledge, Its Scope and Limits
  154. Thomas Mann – The Magic Mountain; Joseph and His Brothers
  155. Albert Einstein – The Theory of Relativity; Sidelights on Relativity; The Meaning of Relativity; On the Method of Theoretical Physics; The Evolution of Physics
  156. James Joyce – "The Dead" in Dubliners; A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man; Ulysses
  157. Jacques Maritain – Art and Scholasticism; The Degrees of Knowledge;Freedom and the Modern World; A Preface to Metaphysics; The Rights of Man and Natural Law; True Humanism
  158. Franz Kafka – The Trial; The Castle
  159. Arnold J. Toynbee – A Study of History; Civilization on Trial
  160. Jean-Paul Sartre – Nausea; No Exit; Being and Nothingness
  161. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn – The First Circle; Cancer Ward
The original edition of How to Read a Book contained a separate "contemporary list" because "Here one's judgment must be tentative"[44] All but the following authors were incorporated into the single list of the revised edition:
  1. Ivan Pavlov – Conditioned Reflexes
  2. Thorstein Veblen – The Theory of the Leisure Class; The Higher Learning in America; The Place of Science in Modern Civilization; Vested Interests and the State of Industrial Arts; Absentee Ownership and Business Enterprise in Recent Times
  3. Franz Boas – The Mind of Primitive Man; Anthropology and Modern Life
  4. Leon Trotsky – The History of the Russian Revolution

Great Books of the Western World is a series of books originally published in the United States in 1952 by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. to present the Great Books in a single package of 54 volumes. The series is now in its second edition and contains 60 volumes.
The original editors of the series chose three criteria for inclusion: a book must be relevant to contemporary issues, and not only important in its historical context; it must reward rereading; and it must be a part of "the great conversation about the great ideas," relevant to at least 25 of the 102 great ideas identified by the editors. Books were not chosen on the basis of ethnic or cultural inclusiveness, historical influence, or the editors' agreement with the views expressed.[1]

History[edit]

The project got its start at the University of Chicago. University president Robert Hutchins collaborated with Mortimer Adler to develop a course, generally aimed at businessmen, for the purpose of filling in gaps in education, to make one more well-rounded and familiar with the "Great Books" and ideas of the past three millennia. Among the original students was William Benton, future U.S. senator and later CEO of theEncyclopædia Britannica. He proposed selecting the greatest books of the canon, complete and unabridged, having Hutchins and Adler edit them for publishing by Encyclopædia Britannica. Hutchins was wary, fearing that the works would be sold and treated as encyclopedias, thereby cheapening them. Nevertheless, he agreed to the project and paid $60,000 for it.
After debates about what to include and how to present it, with an eventual budget of $2,000,000, the project was ready. It was presented at a gala at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City on April 15, 1952. In his speech, Hutchins said "This is more than a set of books, and more than a liberal education. Great Books of the Western World is an act of piety. Here are the sources of our being. Here is our heritage. This is the West. This is its meaning for mankind." The first two sets would be presented to Queen Elizabeth II and U.S. President Harry S. Truman.
Sales were initially poor. After 1,863 were sold in 1952, less than one-tenth that number were sold the following year. A financial debacle loomed until Encyclopædia Britannica altered the marketing strategy and sold the set through experienced door-to-door encyclopedia salesmen as Hutchins had feared. Through this method 50,000 sets were sold in 1961. In 1963 the editors published Gateway to the Great Books, a ten-volume set of readings designed as an introduction to the authors and themes in the Great Books series. Each year from 1961 to 1998 the editors published The Great Ideas Today, an annual update on the applicability of the Great Books to current issues.[2][3]
With the advent of the Internet and the proliferation of E-book readers, many of these texts are available online.[4]

Volumes[edit]

Originally published in 54 volumes, The Great Books of the Western World covers categories including fiction, history, poetry, natural science,mathematics, philosophy, drama, politics, religion, economics, and ethics. Hutchins wrote the first volume, titled The Great Conversation, as an introduction and discourse on liberal education. Adler sponsored the next two volumes, "The Great Ideas: A Syntopicon", as a way of emphasizing the unity of the set and, by extension, of Western thought in general. A team of indexers spent months compiling references to such topics as "Man's freedom in relation to the will of God" and "The denial of void or vacuum in favor of a plenum". They grouped the topics into 102 chapters, for which Adler wrote 102 introductions. The volumes contained the following works, color-coding the spines to denote the categories:
Volume 1
Volume 2
Volume 3
Volume 4
Volume 5
Volume 6
Volume 7
Volume 8
Volume 9
Volume 10
Volume 11
Volume 12
Volume 13
Volume 14
Volume 15
Volume 16
Volume 17
Volume 18
Volume 19
Volume 20
Volume 21
Volume 22
Volume 23
Volume 24
Volume 25
Volume 26
Volume 27
Volume 28
Volume 29
Volume 30
Volume 31
Volume 32
Volume 33
Volume 34
Volume 35
Volume 36
Volume 37
Volume 38
Volume 39
Volume 40
Volume 41
Volume 42
Volume 43
Volume 44
Volume 45
Volume 46
Volume 47
Volume 48
Volume 49
Volume 50
Volume 51
Volume 52
Volume 53
Volume 54

Second edition[edit]

In 1990 a second edition of Great Books of the Western World was published, with updated translations and six more volumes of material covering the 20th century, an era of which the first edition was nearly devoid. A number of pre-20th century books were also added, and four were dropped: Apollonius' On Conic Sections, Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy, Henry Fielding's Tom Jones, and Joseph Fourier's Analytical Theory of Heat. Adler later expressed regret about dropping On Conic Sections and Tom Jones. Adler also voiced disagreement with the addition of Voltaire's Candide, and said that the Syntopicon should have included references to the Koran. He addressed criticisms that the set was too heavily Western European and did not adequately represent women and minority authors.[1]
The pre-20th century books added (volume numbering is not strictly compatible with the first edition due to rearrangement of some books):
Volume 20
Volume 23
Volume 31
Volume 34
Volume 43
Volume 44
Volume 45
Volume 46
Volume 47
Volume 48
Volume 52
The six volumes of 20th century material consisted of the following:
Volume 55
Volume 56
Volume 57
Volume 58
Volume 59
Volume 60

Criticisms and responses[edit]

Criticisms of the authors selected[edit]

Criticism has attended Great Books of the Western World since publication. The stress Hutchins placed on the monumental importance of these works was an easy target for those who dismissed the project as a celebration of dead European males, ignoring contributions of women and non-European authors.[5][6] The criticism swelled in tandem with the feminist and civil rights movements.[7]
In his Europe: A History, Norman Davies criticizes the compilation for overrepresenting selected parts of the western world, especially Britain and the U.S., while ignoring the other, particularly Central and Eastern Europe. According to his calculation, in 151 authors included in both editions, there are 49 English or American authors, 27 Frenchmen, 20 Germans, 15 ancient Greeks, 9 ancient Romans, 6 Russians, 4 Scandinavians, 3 Spaniards, 3 Italians, 3 Irishmen, 3 Scots, and 3 Eastern Europeans. Prejudices and preferences, he concludes, are self-evident.
In response, such criticisms have been derided as ad hominem and biased in themselves. The counter-argument maintains that such criticisms discount the importance of books solely because of generic, imprecise and possibly irrelevant characteristics of the books' authors, rather than because of the content of the books themselves.[1] In France there appeared several criticisms arguing that writers included in the list such asMilton, Harvey, Gilbert or Melville weren't universally as relevant as some other writers such as John Calvin and Voltaire, who were initially excluded; also, that it excluded many non-British or US authors from the early 20th century who were better known to French readers, such asMusil, Roth or Zweig.[citation needed]

Criticisms of the works selected[edit]

Others thought that while the selected authors were worthy, too much emphasis was placed on the complete works of a single author rather than a wider selection of authors and representative works (for instance, all of Shakespeare's plays are included). The second edition of the set already contained 130 authors and 517 individual works. The editors point out that the guides to additional reading for each topic in theSyntopicon refer the interested reader to many more authors.[8]

Criticisms of difficulty[edit]

The scientific and mathematical selections also came under criticism for being incomprehensible to the average reader, especially with the absence of any sort of critical apparatus. The second edition did drop two scientific works, by Apollonius and Fourier, in part because of their perceived difficulty for the average reader. Nevertheless, the editors steadfastly maintain that average readers are capable of understanding far more than the critics deem possible. Robert Hutchins stated this view in the introduction to the first edition:
Because the great bulk of mankind have never had the chance to get a liberal education, it cannot be "proved" that they can get it. Neither can it be "proved" that they cannot. The statement of the ideal, however, is of value in indicating the direction that education should take.[9]

Criticisms of the set's rationale[edit]

Since the great majority of the works were still in print, one critic noted that the company could have saved two million dollars and simply written a list. Encyclopædia Britannica's aggressive promotion produced solid sales. Dense formatting also did not help readability.[10]
The second edition selected translations that were generally considered an improvement, though the cramped typography remained. Through reading plans and the Syntopicon, the editors have attempted to guide readers through the set.[11]

Response to criticisms[edit]

The editors respond that the set contains wide-ranging debates representing many viewpoints on significant issues, not a monolithic school of thought. Mortimer Adler argued in the introduction to the second edition:
Presenting a wide variety and divergence of views or opinions, among which there is likely to be some truth but also much more error, theSyntopicon [and by extension the larger set itself] invites readers to think for themselves and make up their own minds on every topic under consideration.[12]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b c Mortimer Adler (September 1997). "Selecting works for the 1990 edition of Great Books of the Western World". Great Books Index. Retrieved 2007-05-29. "We did not base our selections on an author's nationality, religion, politics, or field of study; nor on an author's race or gender. Great books were not chosen to make up quotas of any kind; there was no "affirmative action" in the process."
  2. Jump up^ Mialton Meyer (1993). "Robert Maynard Hutchins: A Memoir". University of California Press. Retrieved 2007-05-30. This biography of Robert M. Hutchins contains an extensive and lively discussion of the Great Books project, although the author burdens it with personal opinions.
  3. Jump up^ Carrie Golus (2002-07-11). "Special Collections tells the story of a cornerstone of American education". The University of Chicago Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
  4. Jump up^ "Great Books of the Western World (eBooks @ University of Adelaide)". University of Adelaide. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  5. Jump up^ Sabrina Walters (2001-07-01). "Great Books won Adler fame, scorn". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2007-07-01.
  6. Jump up^ Peter Temes (2001-07-03). "Death of a Great Reader and Philosopher". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2007-11-04. Retrieved 2007-07-11.
  7. Jump up^ John Berlau (August 2001). "What Happened to the Great Ideas? – Mortimer J. Adler's Great Books programs". Insight Magazine Insight on the News 17 (32): 16. Retrieved March 2014. "Harvard University's Henry Louis Gates blasted the Great Books for showing 'profound disrespect for the intellectual capacities of people of color – red, brown or yellow.'"
  8. Jump up^ Mortimer J. Adler (1990). "Bibliography of Additional Readings". The Syntopicon: II. Great Books of the Western World, vol. 1-2 (2nd edition ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. pp. 909–996. ISBN 0-85229-531-6.
  9. Jump up^ Robert M. Hutchins (1952). "Chapter VI: Education for All". The Great Conversation. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 44.
  10. Jump up^ Dwight Macdonald (1952-11-29 with later appendix). "The Book-of-the-Millennium Club". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2007-05-29. "I also wonder how many of the over 100,000 customers who have by now caved in under the pressure of Mr. Harden and his banner-bearing colleagues are doing much browsing in these upland pastures?"
  11. Jump up^ Mortimer J. Adler (1990). The Great Conversation (2nd edition ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. pp. 33–34 for discussion of new translations, pp.74–98 for reading plans and guides. ISBN 0-85229-531-6.
  12. Jump up^ Mortimer J. Adler (1990). "Section 1: The Great Books and the Great Ideas". The Great Conversation (2nd edition ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 27. ISBN 0-85229-531-6.

External links[edit]

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