The Monadology

by

Gottfried Wilhelm LEIBNIZ

English translation by Robert Latta, 1898.

1. The Monad, of which we shall here speak, is nothing but a simple substance, which enters into compounds. By ‘simple’ is meant ‘without parts’. (Theod. 10.) 

2. And there must be simple substances, since there are compounds; for a compound is nothing but a collection or aggregatum of simple things. 

3. Now where there are no parts, there can be neither extension nor form [figure] nor divisibility. These Monads are the real atoms of nature and, in a word, the elements of things. 

4. No dissolution of these elements need be feared, and there is no conceivable way in which a simple substance can be destroyed by natural means. (Theod. 89.) 

5. For the same reason there is no conceivable way in which a simple substance can come into being by natural means, since it cannot be formed by the combination of parts [composition]. 

6. Thus it may be said that a Monad can only come into being or come to an end all at once; that is to say, it can come into being only by creation and come to an end only by annihilation, while that which is compound comes into being or comes to an end by parts. 

Introduction to the Mystical Use of Classical Persian Poems Routledge Sufi Series

Translation : R. A. Butler Introduction Abu al Mughith al- Husain ibn Mansūr al Hallaj, the celebrated Sufi of the fourth/tenth century, was also a great intellectual of his time. He compiled his sweeping views, deep thoughts, and pene­trating intuitions in the Kitab al-Tawasin. Louis Massignon, the famous French orientalist, edited it from two manuscripts, added his own precious references, explanations, and footnotes; and published it from Paris in 1913. A number of points and gross misunderstandings about Hallaj are clarified by the text of the Kitab al Tawasin, as well as by the researches conducted by Louis Massignon leading to his editorial notes and explanations. The Academy appro­ached Father R. A. Butler to translate those notes and explanations from French. The Arabic text of the Kitab al Tawasin is spread over from p. 9 to p. 78 of the publication.

ana'l -Haqq - I am the Truth.
(this is the saying which apparently earned al-Hallaj his martyrdom - al Haqq also means God)

You know and are not known; You see and are not seen.
(Akhbar al-Hallaj 44, 1.4)

Your Spirit mixed with my Spirit little by little, by turns, through reunions and abandons.
And now I am Yourself, Your existence is my own, and it is also my will.
(Diwan al-Hallaj)

I find it strange that the divine whole can be borne by my little human part,
Yet due to my little part's burden, the earth cannot sustain me.
(Akhbar al-Hallaj, 11)

I have seen my Lord with the eye of my heart, and I said: "Who are You?" He said:"You."
(Diwan al-Hallaj, M. 10)

I do not cease swimming in the seas of love, rising with the wave, then descending; now the wave sustains me, and then I sink beneath it; love bears me away where there is no longer any shore.
(Diwan al-Hallaj, M. 34)

FROM THE
CHAPTER ON THE EXPOSITION OF THE BELIEFS OF
THIS FOLD [THE SUFIS] ON QUESTIONS OF DOCTRINE
(Faslun fî bayân i‘tiqâd hâdhihi al-tâ’ifa fî masâ’il al-usûl)
FROM
AL-QUSHAYRI’S RISALA ILA AL-SUFIYYA
TRANSLATED WITH NOTES BY DR. G.F. HADDAD

[The numbering in brackets corresponds to our forthcoming translation of the paragraph chapters of al-Qushayri’s entire Chapter on Doctrine from the beginning of his Risala (Eds. ‘Abd al-Halim Mahmud and Mahmud ibn al-Sharif. Cairo: Rida Tawfiq ‘Afifi, 1974.)]


AL-HALLAJ is Abu Mughith al-Husayn ibn Mansur al-Hallaj al-Baydawi al-Wasiti (d. 309) the ascetic, he hailed from Persia and was raised in Iraq. He first accompanied al-Junayd, al-Nuri and others then became known in 299. After accusations were raised to the ‘Abbasi Caliph al-Muqtadir Billah he was jailed on charges of heresy, then tortured to death in unspeakable fashion. Many if not most of the Ulema consider him one of the Friends (awliyâ’) of Allah, such as Ibn Khafif who visited him in jail, Abu al-Qasim al-Nasir Abadi, al-Qushayri, Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah, Ibn al-Hajj, Ibn ‘Aqil – who wrote Juz’ fi Nasr Karamat al-Hallaj (“Opuscule in Praise of al-Hallaj’s gifts”) –, Ibn Qudama, al-Tufi, Ibn al-Mulaqqin, al-Munawi, al-Sha‘rani, etc. Among his sayings: “Take care of your ego; if you do not make it busy, it shall make you busy” and “Whoever points to Him is an aspirant-Sufi whereas whoever points on His behalf is a Sufi.”

Al Halláj was a legendary Iranian Sufi master who lived in  between 858 - 922 AD.  Al Hallaj was one of the earliest Sufi masters, he lead his life as a dervish wanderer, he would often go into trans where he felt one with all the creation, existence, with God.

He once said "Ana al-haqq" ("I am the Truth"--i.e., God), something people at the time found offensive and could not understand, because of that. Al Hallaj was persecuted and found guilty of heresy. He found an unfortunate and brutal death (for further details please see Death of Al Hallaj). Al Hallaj before put to death said:
Now stands no more between Truth and me
Or reasoned demonstration,
Or proof of revelation;
Now, brightly blazing full, Truth's lumination
Each flickering, lesser light.

Al Hallaj inspired many subsequent Sufi mystics including Rumi. Here are two poems where Rumi talks about al Hallaj, following is al Hallaj's poem on God.

˜
The Sunrise Ruby

In the early morning hour,
just before dawn, lover and beloved wake
and take a drink of water.

She ask, "Do you love me or yourself more?
Really, tell the absolute truth."

He says, "There’s nothing left of me.
I’m like a ruby held up to the sunrise.
Is it still a stone, or a world
made of redness? It has no resistance
to sunlight."

This is how Hallaj said, I am God,
and told the truth!

The ruby and the sunrise are one.
Be courageous and discipline yourself.

Completely become hearing and ear,
and wear this sun-ruby as an earring.

Work. Keep digging your well.
Don’t think about getting off from work.
Water is there somewhere.

Submit to a daily practice.
Your loyalty to that
is a ring on the door.

Keep knocking, and the joy inside
will eventually open a window
and look out to see who’s there.

The Essential Rumi Coleman Barks

˜

The Ta-Sin of the Prophetic Lamp

A lamp appeared from the Light of the Unseen. It appeared and returned, and it surpassed the other lamps. It was a ruling moon, manifesting itself radiantly among the other moons. It was a star whose astrological house is in the Empyrean. Allah named him ‘unlettered’ in view of the concentration of his aspiration, and also ‘consecrated’ because of the majesty of his blessing, and ‘Makkan’ because of his residence in His vicinity.
He expanded his breast, and raised his power, and lifted from his the burden ‘that had weighed down thy back,’ and He imposed his authority. As Allah made his Badr appear so his full moon rose from the cloud of Yamãma and his sun arose on the side of Tihãma (Makka), and his lamp shone from the source of all divine munifence.
He did not report about anything except according to his inner vision, and he did not order the following of his example except according to the truth of his conduct. He was in the presence of Allah, then he brought others to His Presence. He saw, then he related what he was. He was sent forth as a guide, so he defined the limits of conduct.
No one is capable of discerning his true significance, except the Sincere, since he confirmed its validity, and then accompanied him so that there would not remain any disparity between them.
No gnostic ever knew him who was not ignorant of his true quality. His quality is made clear only to those to whom Allah undertakes to disclose it. ‘Those to whom We have given the Book, and they recognize their sons, even though a party of them conceal the truth, and that wittingly.’ (2.46)
The lights of prophecy issued from his light, and his light appeared from the light of Mystery. Among the lights there is none more luminous, more manifest or more uncreate-than-uncreatedness than the light of the Master of Generousity.
His aspiration preceded all other aspirations, his existence preceded non-existence, his name preceded the Pen because it existed before.

I frequently receive e-mails from people looking for places to publish their personal essays. Fiction and nonfiction writers alike all have a great story about the time Aunt Harriet came for dinner and left on the back of a horse, or the time the cat disappeared and returned six years later, or the time they had an epiphany about the meaning of life while walking through the woods at dusk. But where can you submit that funny, poignant, life-changing essay that’s gathering virtual dust in a folder on your computer? Who will publish it? And who will pay? Here are 20 newspapers, magazines, literary journals, and anthologies to help you begin your search:

1. New York Times Modern Love—Start by reading a lot of Modern Love columns to get an idea of what they’re looking for. You may even want to buy this Modern Love collection. Don’t miss the Media Bistro article on how to turn your Modern Love column into a book, and be sure to visit the Modern Love Facebook Page for submission tips from the editor, Daniel Jones.

2. New York Times Lives—TheNew York Times Magazine Lives column is another great place to get published. The best way to submit to any large publication is to have someone put you in touch with the editor of the column. The rest of us can e-mail our essays to the Lives section at lives (at) nytimes (dot) com.

3. Newsweek My Turn—Start by reading “How To Get a My Turn Essay Published in Newsweek Magazine.” Then read some of the past essays that have been published to get a good idea of what they are looking for and what’s already been done. UPDATE: Submit My Turn essays to editorial (at) thedailybeast (dot) com.

4. Christian Science Monitor Home Forum—The Christian Science Monitor is a highly respected international newspaper and is not religious-based. It’s Home Forum page includes a personal essay that can run from 400 to 800 words. After you read the Monitor’s contributor guidelines, check out this article for advice on how to beat the odds of getting your essay published.

5. The Sun—A monthly magazine, The Sun pays from $300 to $2,000 for essays and interviews. They receive a thousand submissions (including fiction and poetry) for every issue, so don’t be surprised if you have to wait six months for a response.

6. The Smithsonian Magazine—The Last Page of The Smithsonian is a humor column running 500 to 650 words and pays $1000. For more information, read the submission guidelines.

7. Salon—From what I’ve read, the pay is low for Salon essays ($150?), but it’s better than nothing and a great way to get exposure. Check out this list, and then click around the different departments (Life, Sex, Poetry, etc.) to see what they’re publishing. Finally, see theirsubmission guidelines, which aren’t all that helpful.

8. Slate—Slate publishes some essays, but I was so distracted by their targeted banner ads (Camping gear! Children’s outdoor play equipment!) that I gave up on my search before I got very far.

9. The Rumpus—An online culture magazine, The Rumpus “[tries] to maintain high standards even though we don’t have any money and can’t pay for writing.” For details on submitting essays or book reviews, see their writer’s guidelines.

10. 7×7—Another West Coast publication, 7×7 has an Urban Ledger column for which readers can pitch their personal essays. They pay $1 a word, and their essays run about 1000 words. For more information, contact the editorial department.

11. Skirt—An online women’s magazine, Skirt accepts submissions up to 1500 words, but—like most online publications—does not pay. For more info, read their contributor guidelines.

12. Granta—A British literary magazine, Granta publishes original memoir pieces between 3000 and 6000 words. They do not accept e-mail submissions. Read a few copies of the journal (you can find most journals at a library) and then read their guidelines.

13. Tin House—A literary journal, Tin House accepts essays as well as poetry and fiction from Sept. 1 to May 31. The suggested deadline for their Spring 2012 issue, themed Weird Science, is Oct. 1. The real deadline is Nov. 1. Click here for submission guidelines.

14. Zyzzyva—You have to live on the West Coast to publish in Zyzzyva, but it’s another literary journal that accepts personal essays. The best way to learn what any publication is looking for is to read several issues of that publication, and Zyzzyva is no exception. Start by buying a copy. Then read the submission guidelines.

15. Traveler’s Tales—Traveler’s Tales is currently accepting submissions in the women’s travel humor and travel humor categories. Visit their website for submission details. The deadline is TODAY (Sept. 21) for their Fifth Annual Solas Awards, so get it in fast if you have something ready. Otherwise, you can submit year-round and your submission will be held for the following competition.

16. Literary Mama—An online literary magazine “for the maternally inclined,” Literary Mamais looking for “revelation so stark that it hurts. Pathos can reveal, but so can humor and joy; superior craft (clarity, concrete details, strong narrative development); and ambiguity, complexity, depth, thoughtfulness, delicacy, humor, irreverence, lyricism, sincerity; the elegant and the raw.” View their submission guidelines for more info.

17. Brain, Child—The magazine for thinking mothers (as opposed to literary mamas), publishes essays between 800 and 4500 words, which are “the signature pieces of the magazine.” They pay “as much as we can, although our fees are still modest for now.” View their writers’ guidelines.

18. Chicken Soup for the Soul—It doesn’t seem like there’s anything left to publish in this series, but there is! There is! And here are the submission guidelines.

19. Seal Press Anthologies—Seal Press publishes books “By Women. For Women.” They aren’t currently accepting submissions, but check back periodically for upcoming books.

20. Adams Media books—Adams publishes nonfiction books, including some anthologies. Right now they’re taking parodies of Jane Austen writing for an anthology titled Bad Austen.

In addition to those listed above, there is a plethora of other literary journals that publish personal essays. NewPages.com provides an extensive list with descriptions. Writer’s Digest also has a great article called Tips to Help You Publish Your Personal Essays. They also publish the trusted Writer’s Market directory, which you can access online.

The last couple of weeks have been very productive and I am starting to feel more comfortable writing queries and making submissions to magazines.  Not so comfortable that I don’t want my resource books near for guidance, but more comfortable none the less.  I’ve been submitting personal essays and poetry.  Made a couple of mistakes, but I’m learning still.

One mistake was easily remedied with a quick phone call.  Not a major mistake, but accidentally left the SASE out of a submission.  Luckily just wasted one stamp.  Found out just needed to reprint my submission, pop it in an envelope with the SASE, and mail everything out again.  The other mistake was one of those lost in electronic translation ones.  A place I was submitting to needed the file in .rtf instead of .doc.  I submitted it after reviewing it looked right on my end, but found out upon opening it after it was sent that the spacing in a couple of places was off.

Thought I would share a few resources with you I’ve found useful as I’m learning about personal essays and narratives.  I’ve found I really enjoy this kind of writing and for me it flows so much more easily than fiction.  I found an article,Profitable Personal Essays by Dawn Goldsmith at Writers Weekly ezine, whichincludes a list of the authors five favorite places to submit personal essays.  Another useful article was Tips to Help You Publish Your Personal Essays at Writer’s Digest.  The site Writing to Heal, Writing to Grow has a great list ofPaying Markets for Personal Essays.

Quick Tips for Submissions :

• Visit the actual magazine website to make sure it is still in existence and accepting submissions
• It is preferable to become familiar with the magazine before attempting to submit to it; some will provide a sample issue for a fee and many have links to published works on their websites
• Check if submissions are accepted year round or there is a specific submission period
• Read and follow submission instructions closely, may accept via postal mail and/or electronic submissions
• Remember to include SASE if requested
• Check if accepts simultaneous submissions; if your work gets accepted by one magazine, then politely notify the other magazine

As I’ve been researching in books and online to find homes for some of my writing, I’ve been keeping a list of places to possibly make submissions.  May be a personal opinion, but I would also say to make sure the possible future home for some of your writing is a place you feel is compatible with your values prior to submitting your work.  Here’s my list of places to makes submissions to :

• www.chickensoup.com
• www.godmakeslemonade.com
• www.thinthreads.com
• www.nereview.com
• www.narrativemagazine.com
• www.sweetlit.com
• www.reminisce.com
• www.thesunmagazine.org
• www.oceanmagazine.org
• skirt.com
• www.funnytimes.com

Do you have a favorite writing tip you’ve learned along the way?…

Do you have any publications to add to the list, or details/tips about any of those listed above?

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Operation Mockingbird was a secret campaign by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to influence media. Begun in the 1950s, it was initially organized by Cord Meyer and Allen W. Dulles, it was later led by Frank Wisner after Dulles became the head of the CIA. The organization recruited leading American journalists into a network to help present the CIA's views, and funded some student and cultural organizations, and magazines as fronts. As it developed, it also worked to influence foreign media and political campaigns, in addition to activities by other operating units of the CIA.

Journal The Gurdjieff

     Ever since Mr. Gurdjieff’s death, Sufis have claimed him as one of theirs. Either that or claimed that the teaching he brought is really Sufism in disguise. Parallels between Sufism and the ancient teaching of The Fourth Way can be pointed out, of course, certain of his dances, music and perhaps some practices. No one reading the first two series of his Legominism, All & Everything, could doubt his familiarity with and respect for Mohammed, Islam and Sufism. But does that make Gurdjieff a Sufi?

      Gurdjieff is a Christian. But not of contemporary vintage. He often made fun of contemporary Christianity. The Orthodox, he said, had retained at least something, but Roman Catholicism had degenerated entirely. He held that Jesus Christ was not the only divine messenger to the planet, which would of course exempt Gurdjieff’s adhering to the Nicene Creed. Still, in even a casual look at his life, his ‘Christianity’ is so obvious as to make one wonder why it would remain a question. Gurdjieff was baptized a Christian, educated by Russian Orthodox priests, and at his death services were conducted at his request in the Russian Orthodox Church in Paris by a Russian priest.


Gurdjieff’s Vision of Christianity


       Four months after finally succeeding in opening his Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man, he declared, “The program of the Institute, the power of the Institute, the aim of the Institute, the possibilities of the Institute can be expressed in a few words: the Institute can help one to be able to be a Christian.” [Emphasis added.] He went on to say, “Christianity says precisely this, to love all men. But this is impossible. At the same time it is quite true that it is necessary to love. First one must be able, only then can one love. Unfortunately, with time, modern Christians have adopted the second half, to love, and lost view of the first, the religion [of being able to do], which should have preceded it.”

      He then added, “Half the world is Christian, the other half has other religions. For me, sensible man, this makes no difference; they are the same as the Christian. Therefore it is possible to say that the whole world is Christian, the difference is only in name. And it has been Christian not only for one year but for thousands of years. There were Christians long before the advent of Christianity.” [Emphasis added.]

      This last statement accords with what P. D. Ouspensky reports Gurdjieff said in Russia some seven years before. When asked what is the origin of The Fourth Way, Gurdjieff said that to understand what is meant by the term Christianity one would have to “talk a great deal and to talk for a long time.” Then he declared: “But for the benefit of those who know already [that is, know what he means when he says ‘Christianity’] I will say that, if you like, this is esoteric Christianity.” [Emphasis original.]

      Later on, Ouspensky reports Gurdjieff saying:

It will seem strange to many people when I say that this prehistoric Egypt was Christian many thousands of years before the birth of Christ, that is to say, that its religion was composed of the same principles and ideas that constitute true Christianity…. The Christian church, the Christian form of worship, was not invented by the fathers of the church. It was all taken in a ready-made form from Egypt, only not from the Egypt we know but from one which we do not know. This Egypt was in the same place as the other but it existed much earlier.

      What isn’t commonly understood, though the clues are there in Search, Beelzebub’s Tales to His Grandson and Meetings with Remarkable Men, is that Gurdjieff discovered the teaching of The Fourth Way in Egypt and Ethiopia (Abyssinia). That was his first journey. His second was to rediscover, reassemble and reformulate elements of the original prehistoric teaching of Christianity—existing in Egypt before 3,000 b.c.e.—that over time had moved northward with Pythagoras and into Central Asia.

Bennett’s Bias

      One of the advocates for the notion that Gurdjieff’s teaching is based on Sufism is J. G. Bennett. In his Making a New World, an otherwise interesting study of Gurdjieff and his teaching, Bennett clearly overlooks the importance of Gurdjieff’s connection with Egypt while greatly emphasizing that of Central Asia. But he does write:

We know that the Eastern churches have admirable spiritual exercises, some of which Gurdjieff taught his own pupils. He refers to a journey to Abyssinia with Professor Skridlov. He stayed for three months in Abyssinia where he followed up indications he had found in Egypt of the importance of the Coptic tradition. At the end of his life, I more than once heard him speak of Abyssinia, even referring to it as his ‘second home,’ where he hoped to retire and finish his days. He also mentioned the special knowledge of Christian origins possessed by the Coptic Church that had been lost by the Orthodox and Catholic branches of Christianity.
      So, like a good bit of what has happened to the Work since Gurdjieff’s death, the Work has largely brought this confusion upon itself. The recent new edition of Ouspensky’s Search shows on the cover a Sufi in a turban. This is congruent with covers of Gurdjieff books which show either Arabic writing or Persian rugs. This denial of the origins of Gurdieff’s Fourth Way, intentional or otherwise, now with a historical clash between Judaeo-Christianity and Islam coming to the fore, must be righted if Gurdjieff and the teaching are not to suffer by association.

      Thus, with the understanding that Gurdjieff is a true Christian and that The Fourth Way is an ancient teaching rooted in prehistoric Egypt—and therefore, being the original source teaching for all subsequent teachings—let us look at Gurdjieff’s connection with Islam and Sufism.

       In The Herald of Coming Good Gurdjieff speaks of a brotherhood—a word he puts in quotations apparently to signify that it is something more than a brotherhood as commonly understood—which exists in the heart of Central Asia. Later he will refer to it as a “certain Dervish monastery” where he spent two years studying oriental hypnotism. Because, he says, “I foresaw certain possible changes in the conditions of ordinary life [there would be a world disaster, if the ‘wisdom’ of the East and the ‘energy’ of the West were not integrated and made harmonious—see Fritz Peters’ Boyhood with Gurdjieff and Gurdjieff Remembered] and decided therefore to confide my intentions to a ‘brotherhood’ with a view to securing in certain ways their future co-operation.” He mentions that long discussions followed concerning mutual obligations “which, on my side, were chiefly on the grounds of my future religious and moral actions, and, on their side, were on the grounds of guiding, in strict accordance with the means indicated by me, the inner world of people whom I would confide to them.”

      Gurdjieff is not going to the West as a disciple or student. He is directing them in how the students he will send will be taught—“in accordance with the means indicated by me.” In the translator’s note to Meetings with Remarkable Men, it states that “Gurdjieff was a master…an actual incarnation of knowledge.” (This is heartening, as Gurdjieff is often characterized as a “philosopher and mystic,” but unfortunately speaking of him as a master was not continued.)

      Certainly Gurdjieff was well acquainted with Islam and the Sufis. After his sojourn in Egypt he adopted a disguise and traveled to Mecca, and later he and Professor Skridlov disguised themselves as a direct descendant of Mohammed, a Seïd, and as a Persian dervish, respectively, in order to explore Kafiristan (if Gurdjieff had indeed become a Sufi, why the disguise?). Gurdjieff certainly holds dervishes in high regard, for he writes in the First Series: “By the destruction of this ‘dervishism’ those last dying sparks will also be entirely extinguished there which, preserved as it were in the ashes, might sometime rekindle the hearth of those possibilities upon which Saint Mohammed counted.” He speaks in high terms of the founder of Islam calling him “the Sacred Individual Saint Mohammed” and of Islam as “the fourth great religion.” With time, however, the purity of the religion was diluted by mixing into it “something from the fantastic theory of the Babylonian dualists” and “about the blessings of the notorious ‘paradise’ which as it were, existed ‘in the other world.’” He notes that Islam “from the very first split into two schools the ‘Sunnite’ and the ‘Shiite’” and that the “psychic hatred of each because of frequent clashes now transformed completely into an organic hate.” He warned: “Beings of certain European communities have during recent centuries greatly contributed by their incitement…in order that the animosity should increase should they ever unite, since if this was to happen, there might soon be an end there for those European communities.”

      If one brotherhood stands out above all others for Gurdjieff it is clearly the World Brotherhood. “Among the adepts of this monastery there were former Christians, Jews, Mohammedans, Buddhists, Lamaists, and even one Shamanist. All were united by God the Truth.”

      This World Brotherhood is Gurdjieff’s Brotherhood.

Notes


Orthodox had retained at least something. J. G. Bennett, Idiots in Paris (York Beach, Me.: Samuel Weiser, 1991), p. 52.
The program of the Institute. G. I. Gurdjieff, Views from the Real World (London: Arkana, 1984), p. 152.
Christians long before the advent of Christianity. Gurdjieff, p. 153.
This is esoteric Christianity. P. D. Ouspensky, In Search of the Miraculous, p. 102.
Prehistoric Egypt was Christian many thousands of years before the birth of Christ. Ouspensky, p. 302. To follow Gurdjieff’s search in Egypt, see the video Gurdjieff in Egypt (Fairfax, Calif: Arete Communications, 1999).
Certain Dervish monastery. G. I. Gurdjieff, The Herald of Coming Good (Edmonds, Wash.: Sure Fire Press, 1988), pp. 59, 19.
I foresaw certain possible changes in the conditions of ordinary life. Gurdjieff, Herald, p. 59.
Gurdjieff was a master. G. I. Gurdjieff, Meetings with Remarkable Men (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1963), p. x.



First printed in The Gurdjieff Journal.

William Patrick Patterson is the author of seven books on The Fourth Way, the latest of which is “Spiritual Survival in a Radically Changing World-Time.”


Anonymous
Good article, William. I’m unsure – is some of it your own, or was all of it printed in the Gurdjieff journal?I’m also unsure that Sufis have claimed Gurdjieff as one of their own. I’m only aware of Idries Shah’s orpinion that Gurdjieff was trained by Sufis, but left his training too early, so that his system was flawed. Part of Shah’s mission, apparently, was to revitalise Gurdjieff’s teaching, which had become crystallised, as all teachings do after a while. He did take on some Gurdjeffians, though not all of them. His brother Omar probably also took some on.It’s interesting that G. considered himself an esoteric Christian, because this very label has been applied to Sufis even though they’re often thought of as Muslims; but Shah and other Sufis, including the Hindu Sufi teacher of Irina Tweedie, maintain that Sufism predated Islam by millenia, so in a way that ties in with Gurdjieff’s statement about Christianity predating Christ.Some Islamic “Sufis” these days seem to be pale imitations of the real Sufi greats such as Rumi and Ibn Arabi, who were Muslims, to be sure, but didn’t consider orthodox Islam to be essential, and indeed had disciples of other faiths, including Christians.I must say, Sufism has enhanced my understanding of Christianity, and isn’t at all incompatible with it.


Anonymous

The untitled comment is a sly, probably crypto-Idries Shah-Sufi, bit of disinformative innuendo. Mr. Cee casually expresses two “uncertainties” to evoke vague suspicions regarding the article. There’s no reason for the uncertainty about whether it was written by Mr. Patterson as, following the article title he is explicitly given as the author. Nor for raising doubt about the authorship because it was first printed elsewhere. Have Sufis claimed Gurdjieff as one of their own? The example of Idries Shah’s indirect claim is used as an opportunity to repeat Shah’s unsubstantiated negative evaluation of Gurdjieff’s Teaching. Shah went fishing in Gurdjieffian waters for the disaffected so he could turn them to his brand of Sufism. He even went to the extreme of writing, under a pen name, a book about Gurdjieff’s purported teachers to demonstrate the superiority of his own lineage. In Patterson’s video, Gurdjieff in Egypt, he demonstrates compelling parallels between Egyptian myth-history of creation and Gurdjieff’s account in The First Series. These complement what he reports Gurdjieff having told Ouspensky about the Teaching’s origins in prehistoric Egypt. I know of no such comparable demonstration regarding Sufism. As an example from my own direct experience, a disciple of a Sufi master living in Canada, told me his master had evidence of the Sufic origins of the enneagram, and that he would search his papers for it. It hasn’t turned up yet in over 10 years.


alan francis

Opinions vary and to put a label on Gurdjieff is formatory. That is why he scattered dust into peoples eyes. If you understand this and the true meaning of paradigm it is to keep the question open. To explore and continually suffer the unknown in the face of the pursuit of knowledge. That said, he did make some statements that should be addressed. Gurdjieff was a Master in many ways and this includes strategic positioning and part of that clearly took in the fact that the focus of his Work would take place in Christian countries and for example very little in China. Thus, as one example, it makes perfect sense to emphasize Christianity and deemphasize Taoism. The point is when you try to take something Gurdjieff says at face value you are grossly underestimating him. Yes, this may be esoteric Christianity from ancient Osirian Egypt, but for most people this means nothing. Or it may be esoteric Taoism from two princes who migrated from ancient Gobi to the Yellow River. As with professor Skridlov and Prince Lubovedsky the external curiosity must not obscure our true search within.The problem is no one wishes to hear qualified statements, the modern mind thrives on unequivocal answers, yes and or no. Ancient schools would put an advocate in the position of adversary and have them support opposing views in order to force people out of their crystalized positions. Of course this is not helpful with someone like Indries Shaw who knowingly falsified in Teachers of Gurdjieff and seems to have merely sought to feed an overweaning ego or was there something more to him? At the same time we search with this openess like a lamb we need to be able to make decisions and carry out actions in life, with our children, in our own Work. To be in question and not be paralyzed from action this is the great Koan of our Work. Live it.Have the courage to act without the need to be right, to be self-righteous.Think in different categories, think relatively, think on different levels – think.

We human are controlled by words and your decision is only as good as your information¹. Most of the information we have is second hand and given to us like mathematical axiom. Math using some axiom is vulnerable to err if the axioms are not true. No matter how rigorous and beautiful as it seems, no mathematics can prove its own axiom . We have to rely on the axiom to be true without proof. Similarly we build our world starting with second hand  and often politico-religiously biased words and information resulting in bad decisions and dissatisfaction which make us shun away from finding the question that is really important. All ideologies ate toxic and not helping much. If you need other persons interpretation to see whats going on then u are becoming a victim of ideology that might have a flaw or hidden agenda. Because u are attached to that ideology u become blinded by the blind sopts (godels)². Unless you find out and assess the validity of the information ttlhat was passed to you for yourself, where the information comes from, what was the original context, nothing will make any sense, and you will fall into prototypic "why bother, nothing is important. So just enjoy your life with football, alcohol, sex, drugs, rock n' roll."  As a matter of fact, nothing is hidden from you, everything is in front of your very eye. If one fool can see it, so does the other fools. All it takes is the sincere willingness to know by observing and thinking yourself and joining the pieces of puzzle that will show you the big picture. Its very convenient to pretend to be carefully oblivious so that no one can suspect that you are outwardly ignorent and thus avoiding the minor psychological inconvenience. Remember, there is a war going on between light and darkenss for your mind. So don't be gullible. Don't assume any information unequivocally from one agent or another without assessing it by your judgement and wisdom. 

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Aryans and Dravidians - A controversial issue

The most basic division of the Indian society is of Aryans and Dravidians. According to this division, nearly 72% of Indians are Aryans and 28% are Dravidians. The north Indians are the descendants of Aryans and the south Indians are Dravidians. The languages spoken in five states of south India are considered Dravidian languages and most of the languages spoken in the north are considered Aryan languages. The general script of the Aryan languages is different from the general script of Dravidian languages. The Indians also distinguish themselves by the general north Indian accent and general south Indian accent.

According to general Indian legend, the Aryans arrived in north India somewhere from Iran and southern Russia at around 1500 BC. Before the Aryans, the Dravidian people resided in India. The Aryans disregarded the local cultures. They began conquering and taking control over regions in north India and at the same time pushed the local people southwards or towards the jungles and mountains in north India. According to this historical fact the general division of Indian society is made. North Indians are Aryans and south Indians are Dravidians. But this division isn’t proper because of many reasons.

Many Indians immigrated from one part of India to other parts of India and not all local people of north India were pushed southwards by the Aryans. Some stayed and served the Aryans and others moved to live in the forests and the jungles of north India. Before the arrival of the Aryans there were also other communities in India like Sino-Mongoloids and Austroloids. There were also other foreign immigrations and invaders who arrived in India, from time to time.

There are many that completely doubt that there was ever any Aryan invasion in India. This skepticism is based on the dating of the Aryan invasion of India and the fact that Hinduism and the caste system are believed to have been established as the result of the meetings between the intruding Aryans and original residents of India, the Dravidians.

The caste system is believed to have been established by the Aryans. The fair skinned Aryans who occupied parts of India established the caste system, which allowed only them to be the priests (Brahman), aristocracy (Kshatria) and the businessmen (Vaisia) of the society. Below them in hierarchy were the Sudras who consisted of two communities. One community was of the locals who were subdued by the Aryans and the other were the descendants of Aryans with locals. In Hindu religious stories there are many wars between the good Aryans and the dark skinned demons and devils. The different Gods also have dark skinned slaves. There are stories of demon women trying to seduce good Aryan men in deceptive ways. There were also marriages between Aryan heroes and demon women. Many believe that these incidences really occurred in which, the gods and the positive heroes were people of Aryan origin. And the demons, the devils and the dark skinned slaves were in fact the original residence of India whom the Aryans coined as monsters, devil, demons and slaves. Normally the date given to Aryan invasion is around 1500 BC. But according to Hinduism experts some of the events in Hinduism occurred much earlier. Some of the events like the great war in the Mahabharta epic is believed to have occurred (based on astronomical research) 7000 years ago.

According to this Hindu experts the word Aryan is a misinterpretation of the original Sanskrit word, Arya. Arya means pure or good in Sanskrit. In the holy Vedas the good people were called Arya. Some of the European scholars of Indian culture in the 19th century were Germans. These German scholars who found that Swastika was also a holy symbol among the Hindus distorted, the word Arya to Aryan.

Bengal is located in the North East portion of the Indian subcontinent, After the debacle in North West, the Indian Aborigines (Dravidian) moved south wards, though there is no definite evidence available to prove this, however the tradition followed by the Southerner of India, till date follow, the traditions of the people who once lived in Mohenjodaro. The Aryans were the people who were supposed to have come to India from the Central Asian plains. The Aryans mainly settled in the North Indian plains that is the Gangetic plains. Bengalis are definitely have the Aryans strains in them.

In the USA there are about 150,000 living across the country

John G. Bennett and the Gurdjieff connection[edit]
In June 1962, a couple of years prior to the publication of The Sufis, Shah had also established contact with members of the movement that had formed around the mystical teachings of Gurdjieff and Ouspensky.[26][30] A press article had appeared,[nb 1] describing the author's visit to a secret monastery in Central Asia, where methods strikingly similar to Gurdjieff's methods were apparently being taught.[30] The otherwise unattested monastery had, it was implied, a representative in England.[5] One of Ouspensky's earliest pupils, Reggie Hoare, who had been part of the Gurdjieff work since 1924, made contact with Shah through that article. Hoare "attached special significance to what Shah had told him about the Enneagram symbol and said that Shah had revealed secrets about it that went far beyond what we had heard from Ouspensky."[31] Through Hoare, Shah was introduced to other Gurdjieffians, including John G. Bennett, a noted Gurdjieff student and founder of an "Institute for the Comparative Study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences" located at Coombe Springs, a 7-acre (28,000 m2) estate in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey.[31]
At that time, Bennett had already investigated the Sufi origins of many of Gurdjieff's teachings, based on both Gurdjieff's own numerous statements, and on travels Bennett himself made in the East where he met various Sufi Sheikhs.[32] He was convinced that Gurdjieff had adopted many of the ideas and techniques of the Sufis and that, for those who heard Gurdjieff's lectures in the early 1920s, "the Sufi origin of his teaching was unmistakable to anyone who had studied both."[32]

This is a list of Astronomy degree granting Institutions. For more information please contact the specific institution of your choice. If you are a department chair and would like to make corrections, please email theAAS Education Department.

Institution	Department Chair	Address	Undergrad Degrees	Graduate Degrees
University of Alabama	Prof. Stan Jones	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 206 Gallalee Hall Box 870324 Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0324	Astronomy Minor	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy
University of Arizona	Prof. Buell Jannuzi	Dept. of Astronomy Steward Observatory N205 P.O. Box 210065 Tuscon, AZ 85721-0065	B.S. Astronomy	Ph.D. Astronomy
Arizona State University	Prof. Kip Hodges	School of Earth & Space Exploration P.O. Box 871404 Tempe, AZ 85287-1404	B.S. Earth & Space Exploration, Exploration Systems Design	M.S. and Ph.D. Astrophysics
Ball State University	Prof. David Ober	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Muncie, IN 47306	Astronomy minor	Ed.D. Physics w/Astronomy emphasis
Barnard College	Prof. Laura Kay	Dept. of Physics and Astronomy 3009 Broadway New York, NY 10027	B.A. Astronomy, Astrophysics	M.A. and Ph.D. Astronomy
Boston University	Prof. Tereasa Brainerd	Dept. of Astronomy 725 Commonwealth Ave. Boston, MA 02215	Astronomy, Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, Astronomy and Physics	M.A. and Ph.D. Astronomy
University of California, Berkeley	Prof. Imke de Pater	Dept. of Astronomy B20 Hearst Field Annex #3411 Berkeley, CA 94720-3411	Astrophysics major, minor	M.A. and Ph.D. Astrophysics
University of California, Los Angeles	Prof. Ian McLean	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Box 951547 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547	B.S. Astrophysics	Ph.D. Astronomy
University of California, San Diego	Prof. John Goodkind	Dept. of Physics 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093-0354	B.S. Physics w/Astronomy specialization	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics
University of California, Santa Barbara	Prof. Omer Blaes	Dept. of Physics Broida Hall, Building 572 Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530	B.A. and B.S. Physics	Ph.D. Physics
University of California, Santa Cruz	Prof. Sandra Faber	Dept. of Astronomy & Astrophysics 1156 High Street Santa Cruz, CA 95064	B.S. Physics (Astrophysics)	Ph.D. Astrophysics
California Institute of Technology	Prof. Thomas Tombrello	Dept. of Astronomy 105-24 Caltech 1201 E. California Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91125	B.S. Astrophysics	M.S. and Ph.D. Astrophysics
Carnegie Mellon University	Prof. Fred Gilman	Dept. of Physics Wean Hall 7325 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890	B.S. Physics w/tracks in Astrophysics	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics
Case Western Reserve University	Prof. Chris Mihos	Dept. of Astronomy Sears 567 10900 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44106-7215	B.A. and B.S. Astronomy	Ph.D. Astronomy
College of Charleston	Prof. Narayanan Kuthirummal	Department of Physics and Astronomy College of Charleston Charleston, SC  29424-0001	B.S. Astrophysics, B.A. Astronomy, minor in Astronomy	N/A
University of Chicago	Prof. Michael Turner	Dept. of Astronomy & Astrophysics 5640 S. Ellis Avenue Chicago, IL 606037	B.A. Physics w/Astronomy specialization	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy
Colgate University	Prof. Thomas Balonek	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 13 Oak Drive Hamilton, NY 13346-1398	B.A. Astronomy-Physics, Astrogeophysics	N/A
University of Colorado at Boulder	Prof. James Green	Dept. of Astrophysical & Planetary Sciences Campus Box 391 Boulder, CO 80309-0391	B.A. Astronomy	M.S. and Ph.D. Astrophysical & Planetary Sciences
Columbia University	Prof. Frederik Paerels	Dept. of Astronomy Pupin Physics Lab Room 1328, Mail Code 5246 550 West 120th Street New York City, NY 10027	B.A. Astronomy and Astrophysics	M.A., MPhil., and Ph.D. Astronomy and Astrophysics
Cornell University	Prof. Joseph Veverka	Dept. of Astronomy 312 Space Sciences Bldg. Ithaca, NY 14853-6801	Astronomy major	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy
Dartmouth College	Prof. Walter E. Lawrence	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 6127 Wilder Laboratory Hanover, NH 03755-3528	Astronomy major	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics w/Astronomy specialization
University of Delaware	Prof. Edmund R. Nowak	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 217 Sharp Laboratory Newark, DE 19716	B.S. Physics w/Astronomy emphasis	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy
University of Denver	Prof. Davor Balzar	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 2112 E. Wesley Ave. Denver, CO 80208	B.S., B.A. Physics w/Astrophysics minor	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics w/Astronomy specialization
University of Florida	Prof. Stanley Dermott	Dept. of Astronomy 211 Bryant Space Science Center P.O. Box 112055 Gainesville, FL 32611-2055	Astronomy major	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy
Franklin and Marshall College	Prof. Ken Krebs	Dept. of Physics and Astronomy P.O. Box 3003 Lancaster, PA 17604-3003	B.A. Physics, Astrophysics	N/A
University of Georgia	Prof. Bill Dennis	Dept. of Physics and Astronomy The University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602	B.S. Physics w/Astronomy major, B.S. Physics	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics
Georgia State University	Prof. D. Michael Crenshaw	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Science Annex, Suite 400 29 Peachtree Center Avenue Atlanta, GA 30303	B.S. Physics w/Astronomy concentration	M.S. Physics w/Astronomy concentration and Ph.D. Astronomy
Grinnell College	Prof. Paul Tjossem (Robert Cadmus Jr. for Astronomy)	Dept. of Physics Grinnell, IA 50112	B.A. Physics w/Astronomy emphasis	N/A
Harvard University	Prof. Avi Loeb	Dept. of Astronomy 60 Garden Street Cambridge, MA 02138	Astrophysics major	Ph.D. Astronomy & Astrophysics
Haverford College	Prof. Steve Boughn	Dept. of Astronomy Haverford College Haverford PA 19041	B.A., B.S. Astronomy & Astrophysics	N/A
University of Hawaii	Prof. Jonathan Williams	Institute for Astronomy 2680 Woodlawn Drive Honolulu, HI 96822-1897	Physics major	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy
University of Hawaii at Hilo	Prof. Philippe Binder	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 200 West Kawili Street Hilo, HI 96720-4091	Astronomy major Physics major	N/A
Howard University	Prof. Demetrius Venable	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Room 105, Thirkield Hall 2355 6th. Street NW Washington, DC 20059	Physics major	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign	Prof. Charles Gammie	Dept. of Astronomy 1002 West Green Street Urbana, IL 61801	Astronomy major	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy (optionally w/concentration in Astrochemistry)
Indiana University	Prof. John Salzer	Dept. of Astronomy 727 East 3rd Street Swain West 319 Bloomington, IN 47405-7105	B.S. Astronomy and Astrophysics	M.A. and Ph.D. Astronomy, Ph.D. Astrophysics
International Relativistic Astrophysics Ph.D. (IRAP) Program Consortium	Prof. Remo Ruffini	University of Nice, Sophia-Antipolis Parc Valrose 06108 Nice cedex 2 France	N/A	Ph.D. Astrophysics
University of Iowa	Prof. Thomas Boggess	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 203 Van Allen Hall Iowa City, IA 52242-1479	B.S. and B.A. Astronomy	M.S. Astronomy and Ph.D. Physics
Iowa State University	Prof. Eli Rosenberg	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Ames, IA 50011-3160	Physics major w/Astronomy emphasis	M.S. and Ph.D. Astrophysics
Johns Hopkins University	Prof. Jonathan Bagger	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore, MD 21218	B.A. and B.S. Physics	Ph.D. Astronomy
University of Kansas	Prof. Stephen Sanders	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Malott Hall, Room 1082 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive Lawrence, KS 66045-7582	B.A. and B.S. Astronomy	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics w/Astronomy emphasis
Kansas State University	Prof. Dean Zollman	Dept. of Physics 116 Cardwell Hall Manhattan, KS 66506-2601	B.A. and B.S. Physics	M.S. and Ph.D. Astrophysics
University of Kentucky	Prof. Sumit R. Das	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 505 Rose St. Lexington, KY 40506-0055	B.A. and B.S. Physics	Ph.D. Physics
Louisiana State University	Prof. Michael Cherry	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 202 Nicholson Hall Tower Drive Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4001	B.S. Physics w/Astronomy concentration	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics w/Astronomy concentration
University of Louisville	Prof. David N. Brown	Moore Observatory 800 Old Zaring Road Crestwood, KY 40014	B.A. and B.S. Physics	M.S. Physics, Ph.D. program with U of K
Lycoming College	Prof. David Fisher	Dept. of Astronomy & Physics 700 College Place Williamsport, PA 17701	B.S. Astrophysics, B.S. Astronomy, B.S. Physics	N/A
University of Maine	Prof. David Batuski	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 5709 Bennett Hall Orono, ME 04469	Astronomy Minor, B.A. and B.S. Physics	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics w/Astronomy Emphasis
University of Maryland	Prof. Stuart Vogel	Dept. of Astronomy College Park, MD 20742-2421	B.S. Astronomy	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy
University of Maryland Baltimore County	Prof. L. Michael Hayden	Department of Physics 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore, MD 21250	B.S. Physics w/Minor in Astronomy	M.S. and Ph.D. Applied Physics (Astrophysics)
University of Massachusetts, Amherst	Prof. Stephen E. Schneider	Dept. of Astronomy LGRT-B 619 E 710 N. Pleasant Street Amherst, MA 01003-4525	B.A. and B.S. Astronomy	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy
Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Prof. Thomas Greytak	Dept. of Physics Building 6-113 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139-4307	B.S. Physics w/Astrophysics concentration	Ph.D. Physics w/Astrophysics concentration
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor	Prof. Joel Bregman	Dept. of Astronomy 830 Dennison Building 500 Church St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1090	Major or minor, Astronomy & Astrophysics; Interdisciplinary major or minor, Astronomy	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy & Astrophysics
Michigan State University	Prof. Wolfgang Bauer	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy East Lansing, MI 48824-2320	B.S. Astrophysics	M.S. and Ph.D. Astrophysics
Michigan Technological University	Prof. Ravi Pandey	Dept. of Physics 1400 Townsend Drive Houghton, MI 49931-1295	B.S. Physics	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics
University of Minnesota	Prof. Robert D. Gehrz	Dept. of Astronomy 116 Church Street, SE Minneapolis, MN 55455	B.A. Astrophysics	M.S. and Ph.D. Astrophysics
Minnesota State University, Mankato	Prof. Youwen Xu	Dept. of Physics and Astronomy 141 Trafton Science Center N Mankato, MN 56001	Astronomy minor	M.S. Physics
Minnesota State University, Moorhead	Prof. Matthew Craig	Dept. of Physics and Astronomy 1104 7th Ave. South, Hagen Hall 307 Moorhead, MN 56563	B.S. Physics, B.S. Physics w/Emphasis in Astronomy, Astronomy minor	N/A
University of Missouri at Columbia	Prof. H. R. Chandrasekhar	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 223 Physics Building UMC Columbia, MO 65211	B.A. and B.S. Physics	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics
University of Montana	Prof. Eijiro Uchimoto	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 32 Campus Drive #1080 Missoula, MT 59812	B.A. Physics w/Astronomy option and Astronomy minor	N/A
Montana State University	Prof. William Hiscock	Dept. of Physics 264 EPS Building P.O. Box 173840 Bozemon, MT 59717-3840	Physics major	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics
University of Nebraska	Prof. Daniel Claes	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 116 Brace Lab Lincoln, NE 68588-0111	B.S. Physics w/Astronomy track	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics
University of New Mexico	Prof. Bernd Bassalleck	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy MSC07 4220 800 Yale Blvd. Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001	B.A. and B.S. Astrophysics	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Tech	Prof. Ken Minschwaner	Dept. of Physics 333 Workman Center 801 Leroy Place Socorro, NM 87801	B.S. Physics w/Astrophysics option	Ph.D. Astrophysics
New Mexico State University	Prof. Jon Holtzman	Dept. of Astronomy Box 30001 / MSC 4500 Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001	Astronomy minor	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy
University of North Carolina	Prof. Laurie McNeil	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Phillips Hall CB#3255 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255	B.A. Physics w/Astronomy concentration	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics with an Astrophysics track
Northwestern University	Prof. Heidi Schellman	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston, IL 60208-3112	B.S. Physics w/Astronomy concentration	Ph.D. Astronomy
Ohio State University	Prof. Bradley Peterson	Dept. of Astronomy 4055 McPherson Lab 140 W. 18th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210-1173	B.S. Astronomy	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy
Ohio University	Prof. Joseph C. Shields	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Clippinger Lab 251B Athens, OH 45701-2979	B.S. Astrophysics	M.A., M.S., and Ph.D. Physics w/Astrophysics concentration
University of Oklahoma	Prof. Ryan Doezema	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Norman, OK 73019-0225	B.S. Astrophysics and Astronomy	Ph.D. Astrophysics
Oklahoma State University	Prof. James Wicksted	Dept. of Physics 145 Physical Sciences Stillwater, OK 74078-3072	B.S. Physics	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics
Penn State University	Prof. Donald Schneider	Dept. of Astronomy & Astrophysics 525 Davey Lab University Park, PA 16802	B.S. Astronomy and Astrophysics	Ph.D. Astrophysics
University of Pennsylvania	Prof. Tom Lubensky	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 209 S. 33rd Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-6396	B.S. Physics w/Astronomy concentration	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy
University of Pittsburgh	Prof. David Turnshek	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 3941 O'Hara Street Pittsburgh, PA 15260	B.A. and B.S. Astronomy	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics w/Astronomy concentration
Pomona College	Prof. Bryan Penprase	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 610 N. College Avenue Claremont, CA 91711	B.A. Physics w/Astronomy option	N/A
Princeton University	Prof. David Spergel	Dept. of Astrophysical Sciences Peyton Hall-Ivy Lane Princeton, NJ 08544-1001	Astrophysics major	Ph.D. Astronomy
Purdue University	Prof. Nicholas Giordano	Dept. of Physics 525 Northwestern Ave. West Lafayette, IN 47907	Astronomy minor	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute	Prof. Angel Garcia	Dept. of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy 110 8th Street Troy, NY 12180-3590	B.S. Physics and minor in Astronomy	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics, M.S. Astronomy
Rice University	Prof. F. Barry Dunning	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 6100 S. Main Houston, TX 77005-1892	B.A. Astronomy B.S. Astrophysics	M.S. and Ph.D. Astrophysics
University of Rochester	Prof. Nicholas P. Bigelow	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Bausch and Lomb Hall P.O. Box 270171 600 Wilson Boulevard Rochester, NY 14627-0171	B.A. and B.S. Astronomy	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy
Rochester Institute of Technology	Prof. Michael Kotlarchyk	School of Physics & Astronomy Rochester Institute of Technology 85 Lomb Memorial Drive Rochester, NY 14623-5603	B.S. Physics w/Minor in Astronomy	M.S. and Ph.D Astrophysics
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey	Prof. Ron Ransome	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 136 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019	Astrophysics major	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy
San Diego State University	Prof. Allen W. Shafter	Dept. of Astronomy 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182-1221	B.A. and B.S. Astronomy	M.S. Astronomy
San Francisco State University	Prof. Susan Lea	Dept. of Physics and Astronomy 1600 Holloway Avenue San Francisco, CA 94132	B.A. Physics w/concentration in Astronomy, B.S. Physics w/concentration in Astrophysics, minor in Astronomy	M.S. Physics, M.S. Physics w/concentration in Astronomy
St. Cloud State University	Prof. Kevin L. Haglin	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 740 4th Avenue St. MS 324 St. Cloud, MN 56301-4498	B.S. Physics	N/A
City College of San Francisco	Prof. Lancelot Kao	Dept. of Astronomy Science Hall 400 50 Phelan Avenue San Francisco, CA 94112	A.A. and A.S. Astronomy	N/A
Smith College	Prof. James Lowenthal	Dept. of Astronomy Clark Science Center Northampton, MA 01063	B.A. Astronomy or Astrophysics	N/A
Stanford University	Prof. Patricia Burchat	Dept. of Physics Varian Physics, Room 310 382 Via Pueblo Mall Stanford, CA 94305-4060	B.S. Physics w/Astronomy concentration	Ph.D. Physics
Stony Brook University	Prof. Laszlo Mihaly	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800	B.S. Astronomy, B.S. Physics	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics
Swarthmore College	Prof. Michael Brown	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 500 College Ave. Swarthmore, PA 19081	B.A. Astronomy, Astrophysics	N/A
University of Texas at Austin	Dr. Daniel T. Jaffe	Dept. of Astronomy 2515 Speedway, Mailstop C1400 Austin, TX 78712-1205	B.A. and B.S. Astronomy	M.A. and Ph.D. Astronomy
Texas A&M University	Prof. George Welch	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 4242-TAMU College Station, TX 77843-4242	B.S. Physics	Ph.D. Physics w/concentration in Astronomy
Texas Christian University	Prof. William R. M. Graham	Dept. of Physics and Astronomy Box 298840 Fort Worth, TX 76129	B.S. Physics, Astronomy and Physics	Ph.D. Physics with Astrophysics Track
Texas Tech University	Prof. Roger Lichti	Dept. of Physics Science Building Box 41051 Lubbock, TX 79409-1051	B.S. Physics w/Astrophysics concentration	M.S., Ph.D. Physics w/Astrophysics coursework & research
University of Toledo	Prof. Karen S. Bjorkman	Dept. of Physics and Astronomy 2801 West Bancroft Street, MS 111 Toledo, OH 43606	B.A. Astronomy and B.S. Physics w/ Astrophysics Concentration	M.S. Physics and Ph.D. Physics w/ Astrophysics Concentration
Tufts University	Prof. William Oliver	Dept. of Physics and Astronomy Robinson Hall Medford, MA 02155 USA	B.S. Astronomy	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics, with concentrations in Astrophysics and Cosmology
Union College	Prof. Michael Vineyard	Dept. of Physics Science & Engineering Center Schenectady, NY 19308	Physics major Physics and Astronomy minor	N/A
University of Utah	Prof. Carleton DeTar	Dept. of Physics and Astronomy 115 S 1400 E, Rm. 201 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0830	B.S, B.A. Physics with Astronomy Minor	M.S Physics, Ph.D. Physics with Astronomy & Astrophysics Emphasis
Vanderbilt University	Prof. Robert Scherrer	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 1807 Station B Nashville, TN 37235	B.S. Physics w/Astronomy and Astrophysics track Astronomy minor	Ph.D. Physics
Vassar College	Prof. Debra Elmegreen	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 124 Raymond Avenue Poughkeepsie, NY 12604-0539	B.A. Astronomy	N/A
Villanova University	Prof. George McCook	Dept. of Astronomy & Astrophysics 800 Lancaster Avenue Villanova, PA 19085	B.S. Astronomy and Astrophysics	N/A
University of Virginia	Prof. John Hawley	Dept. of Astronomy P.O. Box 400325 Charlottesville, VA 22904-4325	B.A. Astronomy, B.A. Astronomy-Physics	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy
Virginia Tech	Prof. Beate Schmittmann	Dept. of Physics Robeson Hall Blacksburg, VA 24061-0435	B.S. Physics w/Astronomy concentration	Ph.D. Astrophysics
University of Washington	Prof. Scott Anderson	Dept. of Astronomy Box 351580 Seattle, WA 98195-1580	Astronomy major	M.S. and Ph.D. Astronomy
Washington State University	Prof. Matthew McCluskey	Dept of Physics & Astronomy PO Box 642814, Pullman, WA, 99164-2814	B.S. Physics with astrophysics option; astronomy minor	M.S. and Ph.D. Physics
Washington University in St. Louis	Prof. Mark Alford	Dept. of Physics Campus Box 1105 One Brookings Drive St. Louis, MO 63130-4899	A.B. and B.S. Physics	M.A. and Ph.D. Physics
Wellesley College	Prof. Kim. K. McLeod	Dept. of Astronomy 106 Central Street Wellesley, MA 02481-8203	B.A. Astronomy, B.A. Astrophysics	N/A
Wesleyan University	Prof. William Herbst	Dept. of Astronomy Van Vleck Observatory 96 Foss Hill Drive Middletown, CT 06459	Astronomy major, Physics & Astronomy double major	M.A. Astronomy
Whitman College	Prof. Andrea K. Dobson	Dept. of Astronomy 345 Boyer Ave. Walla Walla, WA 99362	B.A. Astronomy, Physics-Astronomy, Astronomy-Geology	N/A
Williams College	Prof. Karen Kwitter	Dept. of Astronomy 33 Lab Campus Drive Williamstown, MA 01267	B.A. Astronomy (non-graduate school bound) B.A. Astrophysics	N/A
University of Wisconsin at Madison	Prof. Eric Wilcots	Dept. of Astronomy 475 N. Charter Street Madison, WI 53706	Astronomy-Physics major	Ph.D. Astronomy
University of Wyoming	Prof. Daniel Dale	Dept. of Physics & Astronomy 1000 E. University Ave. Laramie, WY 82071	B.S. Astronomy & Astrophysics	Ph.D. Physics
Yale University	Prof. Jeffrey Kenney	Dept. of Astronomy P.O. Box 208101 New Haven CT 06520-8101	B.A. Astronomy, B.S. Astronomy and Physics	Ph.D. Astronomy
Youngstown State University	Professor Gregg Sturrus	Department of Physics and Astronomy Youngstown State University Youngstown, OH 44555-2001 Phone: 330-941-3616 Fax: 330-941-3121	B.S. Physics, B.S. Astronomy and Physics combined major	N/A